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Model async userland loading in app routes as a state machine#95791

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Jul 15, 2026
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Model async userland loading in app routes as a state machine#95791
gaearon merged 1 commit into
gaearon-route-init-errorsfrom
gaearon-async-route-modules

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@gaearon gaearon commented Jul 14, 2026

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Extracted from #95468, tries to address @lubieowoce feedback.

This should be a pure refactor with no publicly observable behavior changes. We want to simplify the state of how we're loading and tracking modules, and simplify signatures:

  • Extract a state machine into LazyModule that hides per-module state. You can kick it (loadIfNeeded), wait for completion with waitUntilLoaded, or peek-or-throw with assertLoaded.
  • Reading .userland while pending now throws with an invariant so we don't do it accidentally again. Should be unreachable from current callsites.
  • Remove the non-thunk overload from userland factory.

Added tests to cover the cases that the refactor had a risk of breaking.

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Tests Passed

Commit: 843ceb7

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Stats from current PR

🔴 3 regressions

Metric Canary PR Change Trend
Webpack Build Time 24.721s 25.630s 🔴 +909ms (+4%) ▁▁█▂▁
Webpack Build Time (cached) 24.897s 25.730s 🔴 +833ms (+3%) ▂▁█▂▁
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Change Thresholds:

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⚡ Dev Server

Metric Canary PR Change Trend
Cold (Listen) 813ms 813ms ▁▂▂▂▂
Cold (Ready in log) 777ms 780ms ▁▁▁▁▁
Cold (First Request) 1.286s 1.296s ▁▁▁▁▁
Warm (Listen) 813ms 813ms ▁▁▂▂▂
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📦 Dev Server (Webpack)

Metric Canary PR Change Trend
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Warm (Ready in log) 781ms 779ms ▂▁█▂▁
Warm (First Request) 3.385s 3.289s ▂▁█▂▁

⚡ Production Builds

Metric Canary PR Change Trend
Fresh Build 4.942s 4.948s ▁▁▁▁▁
Cached Build 4.978s 5.040s ▁▁▁▁▂
📦 Production Builds (Webpack) (Legacy)

📦 Production Builds (Webpack)

Metric Canary PR Change Trend
Fresh Build 24.721s 25.630s 🔴 +909ms (+4%) ▁▁█▂▁
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📝 Changed Files (8 files)

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  • app-route-ex..time.prod.js
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📎 Tarball URL
https://vercel-packages.vercel.app/next/commits/843ceb79becabd496d013a73e77d73fbe663a897/next

Commit: 843ceb7

@gaearon gaearon changed the title gaearon async route modules Model async userland loading in app routes as a state machine Jul 14, 2026
@gaearon
gaearon force-pushed the gaearon-async-route-modules branch from 8fe8ffa to e65c7e7 Compare July 14, 2026 20:09
@gaearon
gaearon force-pushed the gaearon-metadata-image-tla branch 2 times, most recently from 6add49b to 2cc4a83 Compare July 14, 2026 20:14
@gaearon
gaearon force-pushed the gaearon-async-route-modules branch 2 times, most recently from d0432e5 to 0f9b6c6 Compare July 14, 2026 20:30
@gaearon
gaearon force-pushed the gaearon-metadata-image-tla branch from 2cc4a83 to 1af6c3c Compare July 14, 2026 20:30
@gaearon
gaearon force-pushed the gaearon-async-route-modules branch from 0f9b6c6 to c20aa17 Compare July 14, 2026 22:08
@gaearon
gaearon force-pushed the gaearon-metadata-image-tla branch from 1af6c3c to 01a8521 Compare July 14, 2026 22:08
@gaearon
gaearon force-pushed the gaearon-async-route-modules branch from c20aa17 to 928f52d Compare July 14, 2026 22:47
@gaearon
gaearon changed the base branch from gaearon-metadata-image-tla to gaearon-route-init-errors July 14, 2026 22:49
@gaearon
gaearon force-pushed the gaearon-async-route-modules branch from 928f52d to 491b4bf Compare July 14, 2026 23:15
@gaearon
gaearon force-pushed the gaearon-route-init-errors branch from 910f6ae to a030bef Compare July 14, 2026 23:15
@gaearon
gaearon force-pushed the gaearon-async-route-modules branch from 491b4bf to 13023de Compare July 14, 2026 23:51
@gaearon
gaearon marked this pull request as ready for review July 15, 2026 00:09
The userland module of an app route was represented by independently
varying fields (a factory that's nulled after first use, a pending
promise, and init error flags), and reading exports off a still-loading
module silently yielded undefined values.

The loading is now modeled as a LazyModule, a small standalone state
machine advancing one-way on first use:

    uninitialized ─(sync module)──▶ resolved
    uninitialized ─(async module)─▶ pending ──▶ resolved | rejected

The states stay internal to LazyModule; consumers use one method per
consumption mode: loadIfNeeded() kicks off loading (synchronous load
and onLoad errors throw to the caller, as before, and leave the module
uninitialized), waitUntilLoaded() also waits until the module has
settled, and assertLoaded() returns the module. Errors from an async
module (top-level await) have no caller to propagate to and settle as
'rejected', which waitUntilLoaded() and assertLoaded() rethrow;
previously, a failed async module load reported the module as forever
pending, and an init error was only rethrown from ensureUserland()
while the getter returned the half-initialized module.

assertLoaded() throws while the module is pending, so any unchecked
userland access anywhere fails loudly instead of silently misbehaving.
LazyModule distinguishes async modules with instanceof Promise, so a
module exporting a function named `then` is not mistaken for one.

The option to provide the userland module as an object (instead of a
factory) is removed; the app route template is the only construction
site and always passes a factory.
@gaearon
gaearon force-pushed the gaearon-async-route-modules branch from 13023de to 843ceb7 Compare July 15, 2026 00:14
@gaearon
gaearon force-pushed the gaearon-route-init-errors branch from a030bef to 2f8a398 Compare July 15, 2026 00:14
@gaearon
gaearon merged commit d87f2bd into canary Jul 15, 2026
236 of 239 checks passed
@gaearon
gaearon deleted the gaearon-async-route-modules branch July 15, 2026 09:49
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