GH-15058: [C++][Python] Native support for UUID

[rok]

Rationale for this change

See #15058.
UUID datatype is common in throughout the ecosystem and Arrow as supporting it as a native type would reduce friction.

What changes are included in this PR?

This PR implements logic for Arrow canonical extension type in C++ and a Python wrapper.

Are these changes tested?

Yes.

Are there any user-facing changes?

Yes, new extension type is added.

• Closes: [Python] Native support for UUID #15058

[github-actions]

⚠️ GitHub issue #15058 has been automatically assigned in GitHub to PR creator.

[mapleFU]

mentioned #15058 (comment) , do we need to remove that?

[arogozhnikov]

Key error: A type extension with name uuid already defined

Looks Ruby already got support for UUID?

[rok]

Ping @jorisvandenbossche

[rok]

Thanks everyone!

[conbench-apache-arrow]

After merging your PR, Conbench analyzed the 4 benchmarking runs that have been run so far on merge-commit 2328b6e.

There were no benchmark performance regressions. 🎉

The full Conbench report has more details. It also includes information about 24 possible false positives for unstable benchmarks that are known to sometimes produce them.

[jorisvandenbossche]

Thanks a lot @rok!

As another possible follow-up, would we want to support inferring and converting uuid.UUID objects in the python->arrow conversion layer? (although not sure if that's something people would be waiting for)

[rok]

@jorisvandenbossche that sounds convenient! I've opened #43855 and will get around to it if someone else doesn't sooner :).