typing_extensions.py

import abc
import collections
import collections.abc
import contextlib
import functools
import inspect
import operator
import sys
import types as _types
import typing
import warnings

__all__ = [
    # Super-special typing primitives.
    'Any',
    'ClassVar',
    'Concatenate',
    'Final',
    'LiteralString',
    'ParamSpec',
    'ParamSpecArgs',
    'ParamSpecKwargs',
    'Self',
    'Type',
    'TypeVar',
    'TypeVarTuple',
    'Unpack',

    # ABCs (from collections.abc).
    'Awaitable',
    'AsyncIterator',
    'AsyncIterable',
    'Coroutine',
    'AsyncGenerator',
    'AsyncContextManager',
    'Buffer',
    'ChainMap',

    # Concrete collection types.
    'ContextManager',
    'Counter',
    'Deque',
    'DefaultDict',
    'NamedTuple',
    'OrderedDict',
    'TypedDict',

    # Structural checks, a.k.a. protocols.
    'SupportsAbs',
    'SupportsBytes',
    'SupportsComplex',
    'SupportsFloat',
    'SupportsIndex',
    'SupportsInt',
    'SupportsRound',

    # One-off things.
    'Annotated',
    'assert_never',
    'assert_type',
    'clear_overloads',
    'dataclass_transform',
    'deprecated',
    'Doc',
    'get_overloads',
    'final',
    'get_args',
    'get_origin',
    'get_original_bases',
    'get_protocol_members',
    'get_type_hints',
    'IntVar',
    'is_protocol',
    'is_typeddict',
    'Literal',
    'NewType',
    'overload',
    'override',
    'Protocol',
    'reveal_type',
    'runtime',
    'runtime_checkable',
    'Text',
    'TypeAlias',
    'TypeAliasType',
    'TypeGuard',
    'TypeIs',
    'TYPE_CHECKING',
    'Never',
    'NoReturn',
    'ReadOnly',
    'Required',
    'NotRequired',

    # Pure aliases, have always been in typing
    'AbstractSet',
    'AnyStr',
    'BinaryIO',
    'Callable',
    'Collection',
    'Container',
    'Dict',
    'ForwardRef',
    'FrozenSet',
    'Generator',
    'Generic',
    'Hashable',
    'IO',
    'ItemsView',
    'Iterable',
    'Iterator',
    'KeysView',
    'List',
    'Mapping',
    'MappingView',
    'Match',
    'MutableMapping',
    'MutableSequence',
    'MutableSet',
    'NoDefault',
    'Optional',
    'Pattern',
    'Reversible',
    'Sequence',
    'Set',
    'Sized',
    'TextIO',
    'Tuple',
    'Union',
    'ValuesView',
    'cast',
    'no_type_check',
    'no_type_check_decorator',
]

# for backward compatibility
PEP_560 = True
GenericMeta = type
_PEP_696_IMPLEMENTED = sys.version_info >= (3, 13, 0, "beta")

# The functions below are modified copies of typing internal helpers.
# They are needed by _ProtocolMeta and they provide support for PEP 646.


class _Sentinel:
    def __repr__(self):
        return "<sentinel>"


_marker = _Sentinel()


if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
    def _should_collect_from_parameters(t):
        return isinstance(
            t, (typing._GenericAlias, _types.GenericAlias, _types.UnionType)
        )
elif sys.version_info >= (3, 9):
    def _should_collect_from_parameters(t):
        return isinstance(t, (typing._GenericAlias, _types.GenericAlias))
else:
    def _should_collect_from_parameters(t):
        return isinstance(t, typing._GenericAlias) and not t._special


NoReturn = typing.NoReturn

# Some unconstrained type variables.  These are used by the container types.
# (These are not for export.)
T = typing.TypeVar('T')  # Any type.
KT = typing.TypeVar('KT')  # Key type.
VT = typing.TypeVar('VT')  # Value type.
T_co = typing.TypeVar('T_co', covariant=True)  # Any type covariant containers.
T_contra = typing.TypeVar('T_contra', contravariant=True)  # Ditto contravariant.


if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
    from typing import Any
else:

    class _AnyMeta(type):
        def __instancecheck__(self, obj):
            if self is Any:
                raise TypeError("typing_extensions.Any cannot be used with isinstance()")
            return super().__instancecheck__(obj)

        def __repr__(self):
            if self is Any:
                return "typing_extensions.Any"
            return super().__repr__()

    class Any(metaclass=_AnyMeta):
        """Special type indicating an unconstrained type.
        - Any is compatible with every type.
        - Any assumed to have all methods.
        - All values assumed to be instances of Any.
        Note that all the above statements are true from the point of view of
        static type checkers. At runtime, Any should not be used with instance
        checks.
        """
        def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
            if cls is Any:
                raise TypeError("Any cannot be instantiated")
            return super().__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)


ClassVar = typing.ClassVar


class _ExtensionsSpecialForm(typing._SpecialForm, _root=True):
    def __repr__(self):
        return 'typing_extensions.' + self._name


Final = typing.Final

if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
    final = typing.final
else:
    # @final exists in 3.8+, but we backport it for all versions
    # before 3.11 to keep support for the __final__ attribute.
    # See https://bugs.python.org/issue46342
    def final(f):
        """This decorator can be used to indicate to type checkers that
        the decorated method cannot be overridden, and decorated class
        cannot be subclassed. For example:

            class Base:
                @final
                def done(self) -> None:
                    ...
            class Sub(Base):
                def done(self) -> None:  # Error reported by type checker
                    ...
            @final
            class Leaf:
                ...
            class Other(Leaf):  # Error reported by type checker
                ...

        There is no runtime checking of these properties. The decorator
        sets the ``__final__`` attribute to ``True`` on the decorated object
        to allow runtime introspection.
        """
        try:
            f.__final__ = True
        except (AttributeError, TypeError):
            # Skip the attribute silently if it is not writable.
            # AttributeError happens if the object has __slots__ or a
            # read-only property, TypeError if it's a builtin class.
            pass
        return f


def IntVar(name):
    return typing.TypeVar(name)


# A Literal bug was fixed in 3.11.0, 3.10.1 and 3.9.8
if sys.version_info >= (3, 10, 1):
    Literal = typing.Literal
else:
    def _flatten_literal_params(parameters):
        """An internal helper for Literal creation: flatten Literals among parameters"""
        params = []
        for p in parameters:
            if isinstance(p, _LiteralGenericAlias):
                params.extend(p.__args__)
            else:
                params.append(p)
        return tuple(params)

    def _value_and_type_iter(params):
        for p in params:
            yield p, type(p)

    class _LiteralGenericAlias(typing._GenericAlias, _root=True):
        def __eq__(self, other):
            if not isinstance(other, _LiteralGenericAlias):
                return NotImplemented
            these_args_deduped = set(_value_and_type_iter(self.__args__))
            other_args_deduped = set(_value_and_type_iter(other.__args__))
            return these_args_deduped == other_args_deduped

        def __hash__(self):
            return hash(frozenset(_value_and_type_iter(self.__args__)))

    class _LiteralForm(_ExtensionsSpecialForm, _root=True):
        def __init__(self, doc: str):
            self._name = 'Literal'
            self._doc = self.__doc__ = doc

        def __getitem__(self, parameters):
            if not isinstance(parameters, tuple):
                parameters = (parameters,)

            parameters = _flatten_literal_params(parameters)

            val_type_pairs = list(_value_and_type_iter(parameters))
            try:
                deduped_pairs = set(val_type_pairs)
            except TypeError:
                # unhashable parameters
                pass
            else:
                # similar logic to typing._deduplicate on Python 3.9+
                if len(deduped_pairs) < len(val_type_pairs):
                    new_parameters = []
                    for pair in val_type_pairs:
                        if pair in deduped_pairs:
                            new_parameters.append(pair[0])
                            deduped_pairs.remove(pair)
                    assert not deduped_pairs, deduped_pairs
                    parameters = tuple(new_parameters)

            return _LiteralGenericAlias(self, parameters)

    Literal = _LiteralForm(doc="""\
                           A type that can be used to indicate to type checkers
                           that the corresponding value has a value literally equivalent
                           to the provided parameter. For example:

                               var: Literal[4] = 4

                           The type checker understands that 'var' is literally equal to
                           the value 4 and no other value.

                           Literal[...] cannot be subclassed. There is no runtime
                           checking verifying that the parameter is actually a value
                           instead of a type.""")


_overload_dummy = typing._overload_dummy


if hasattr(typing, "get_overloads"):  # 3.11+
    overload = typing.overload
    get_overloads = typing.get_overloads
    clear_overloads = typing.clear_overloads
else:
    # {module: {qualname: {firstlineno: func}}}
    _overload_registry = collections.defaultdict(
        functools.partial(collections.defaultdict, dict)
    )

    def overload(func):
        """Decorator for overloaded functions/methods.

        In a stub file, place two or more stub definitions for the same
        function in a row, each decorated with @overload.  For example:

        @overload
        def utf8(value: None) -> None: ...
        @overload
        def utf8(value: bytes) -> bytes: ...
        @overload
        def utf8(value: str) -> bytes: ...

        In a non-stub file (i.e. a regular .py file), do the same but
        follow it with an implementation.  The implementation should *not*
        be decorated with @overload.  For example:

        @overload
        def utf8(value: None) -> None: ...
        @overload
        def utf8(value: bytes) -> bytes: ...
        @overload
        def utf8(value: str) -> bytes: ...
        def utf8(value):
            # implementation goes here

        The overloads for a function can be retrieved at runtime using the
        get_overloads() function.
        """
        # classmethod and staticmethod
        f = getattr(func, "__func__", func)
        try:
            _overload_registry[f.__module__][f.__qualname__][
                f.__code__.co_firstlineno
            ] = func
        except AttributeError:
            # Not a normal function; ignore.
            pass
        return _overload_dummy

    def get_overloads(func):
        """Return all defined overloads for *func* as a sequence."""
        # classmethod and staticmethod
        f = getattr(func, "__func__", func)
        if f.__module__ not in _overload_registry:
            return []
        mod_dict = _overload_registry[f.__module__]
        if f.__qualname__ not in mod_dict:
            return []
        return list(mod_dict[f.__qualname__].values())

    def clear_overloads():
        """Clear all overloads in the registry."""
        _overload_registry.clear()


# This is not a real generic class.  Don't use outside annotations.
Type = typing.Type

# Various ABCs mimicking those in collections.abc.
# A few are simply re-exported for completeness.
Awaitable = typing.Awaitable
Coroutine = typing.Coroutine
AsyncIterable = typing.AsyncIterable
AsyncIterator = typing.AsyncIterator
Deque = typing.Deque
DefaultDict = typing.DefaultDict
OrderedDict = typing.OrderedDict
Counter = typing.Counter
ChainMap = typing.ChainMap
Text = typing.Text
TYPE_CHECKING = typing.TYPE_CHECKING


if sys.version_info >= (3, 13, 0, "beta"):
    from typing import ContextManager, AsyncContextManager, Generator, AsyncGenerator
else:
    def _is_dunder(attr):
        return attr.startswith('__') and attr.endswith('__')

    # Python <3.9 doesn't have typing._SpecialGenericAlias
    _special_generic_alias_base = getattr(
        typing, "_SpecialGenericAlias", typing._GenericAlias
    )

    class _SpecialGenericAlias(_special_generic_alias_base, _root=True):
        def __init__(self, origin, nparams, *, inst=True, name=None, defaults=()):
            if _special_generic_alias_base is typing._GenericAlias:
                # Python <3.9
                self.__origin__ = origin
                self._nparams = nparams
                super().__init__(origin, nparams, special=True, inst=inst, name=name)
            else:
                # Python >= 3.9
                super().__init__(origin, nparams, inst=inst, name=name)
            self._defaults = defaults

        def __setattr__(self, attr, val):
            allowed_attrs = {'_name', '_inst', '_nparams', '_defaults'}
            if _special_generic_alias_base is typing._GenericAlias:
                # Python <3.9
                allowed_attrs.add("__origin__")
            if _is_dunder(attr) or attr in allowed_attrs:
                object.__setattr__(self, attr, val)
            else:
                setattr(self.__origin__, attr, val)

        @typing._tp_cache
        def __getitem__(self, params):
            if not isinstance(params, tuple):
                params = (params,)
            msg = "Parameters to generic types must be types."
            params = tuple(typing._type_check(p, msg) for p in params)
            if (
                self._defaults
                and len(params) < self._nparams
                and len(params) + len(self._defaults) >= self._nparams
            ):
                params = (*params, *self._defaults[len(params) - self._nparams:])
            actual_len = len(params)

            if actual_len != self._nparams:
                if self._defaults:
                    expected = f"at least {self._nparams - len(self._defaults)}"
                else:
                    expected = str(self._nparams)
                if not self._nparams:
                    raise TypeError(f"{self} is not a generic class")
                raise TypeError(
                    f"Too {'many' if actual_len > self._nparams else 'few'}"
                    f" arguments for {self};"
                    f" actual {actual_len}, expected {expected}"
                )
            return self.copy_with(params)

    _NoneType = type(None)
    Generator = _SpecialGenericAlias(
        collections.abc.Generator, 3, defaults=(_NoneType, _NoneType)
    )
    AsyncGenerator = _SpecialGenericAlias(
        collections.abc.AsyncGenerator, 2, defaults=(_NoneType,)
    )
    ContextManager = _SpecialGenericAlias(
        contextlib.AbstractContextManager,
        2,
        name="ContextManager",
        defaults=(typing.Optional[bool],)
    )
    AsyncContextManager = _SpecialGenericAlias(
        contextlib.AbstractAsyncContextManager,
        2,
        name="AsyncContextManager",
        defaults=(typing.Optional[bool],)
    )


_PROTO_ALLOWLIST = {
    'collections.abc': [
        'Callable', 'Awaitable', 'Iterable', 'Iterator', 'AsyncIterable',
        'Hashable', 'Sized', 'Container', 'Collection', 'Reversible', 'Buffer',
    ],
    'contextlib': ['AbstractContextManager', 'AbstractAsyncContextManager'],
    'typing_extensions': ['Buffer'],
}


_EXCLUDED_ATTRS = frozenset(typing.EXCLUDED_ATTRIBUTES) | {
    "__match_args__", "__protocol_attrs__", "__non_callable_proto_members__",
    "__final__",
}


def _get_protocol_attrs(cls):
    attrs = set()
    for base in cls.__mro__[:-1]:  # without object
        if base.__name__ in {'Protocol', 'Generic'}:
            continue
        annotations = getattr(base, '__annotations__', {})
        for attr in (*base.__dict__, *annotations):
            if (not attr.startswith('_abc_') and attr not in _EXCLUDED_ATTRS):
                attrs.add(attr)
    return attrs


def _caller(depth=2):
    try:
        return sys._getframe(depth).f_globals.get('__name__', '__main__')
    except (AttributeError, ValueError):  # For platforms without _getframe()
        return None


# `__match_args__` attribute was removed from protocol members in 3.13,
# we want to backport this change to older Python versions.
if sys.version_info >= (3, 13):
    Protocol = typing.Protocol
else:
    def _allow_reckless_class_checks(depth=3):
        """Allow instance and class checks for special stdlib modules.
        The abc and functools modules indiscriminately call isinstance() and
        issubclass() on the whole MRO of a user class, which may contain protocols.
        """
        return _caller(depth) in {'abc', 'functools', None}

    def _no_init(self, *args, **kwargs):
        if type(self)._is_protocol:
            raise TypeError('Protocols cannot be instantiated')

    def _type_check_issubclass_arg_1(arg):
        """Raise TypeError if `arg` is not an instance of `type`
        in `issubclass(arg, <protocol>)`.

        In most cases, this is verified by type.__subclasscheck__.
        Checking it again unnecessarily would slow down issubclass() checks,
        so, we don't perform this check unless we absolutely have to.

        For various error paths, however,
        we want to ensure that *this* error message is shown to the user
        where relevant, rather than a typing.py-specific error message.
        """
        if not isinstance(arg, type):
            # Same error message as for issubclass(1, int).
            raise TypeError('issubclass() arg 1 must be a class')

    # Inheriting from typing._ProtocolMeta isn't actually desirable,
    # but is necessary to allow typing.Protocol and typing_extensions.Protocol
    # to mix without getting TypeErrors about "metaclass conflict"
    class _ProtocolMeta(type(typing.Protocol)):
        # This metaclass is somewhat unfortunate,
        # but is necessary for several reasons...
        #
        # NOTE: DO NOT call super() in any methods in this class
        # That would call the methods on typing._ProtocolMeta on Python 3.8-3.11
        # and those are slow
        def __new__(mcls, name, bases, namespace, **kwargs):
            if name == "Protocol" and len(bases) < 2:
                pass
            elif {Protocol, typing.Protocol} & set(bases):
                for base in bases:
                    if not (
                        base in {object, typing.Generic, Protocol, typing.Protocol}
                        or base.__name__ in _PROTO_ALLOWLIST.get(base.__module__, [])
                        or is_protocol(base)
                    ):
                        raise TypeError(
                            f"Protocols can only inherit from other protocols, "
                            f"got {base!r}"
                        )
            return abc.ABCMeta.__new__(mcls, name, bases, namespace, **kwargs)

        def __init__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
            abc.ABCMeta.__init__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
            if getattr(cls, "_is_protocol", False):
                cls.__protocol_attrs__ = _get_protocol_attrs(cls)

        def __subclasscheck__(cls, other):
            if cls is Protocol:
                return type.__subclasscheck__(cls, other)
            if (
                getattr(cls, '_is_protocol', False)
                and not _allow_reckless_class_checks()
            ):
                if not getattr(cls, '_is_runtime_protocol', False):
                    _type_check_issubclass_arg_1(other)
                    raise TypeError(
                        "Instance and class checks can only be used with "
                        "@runtime_checkable protocols"
                    )
                if (
                    # this attribute is set by @runtime_checkable:
                    cls.__non_callable_proto_members__
                    and cls.__dict__.get("__subclasshook__") is _proto_hook
                ):
                    _type_check_issubclass_arg_1(other)
                    non_method_attrs = sorted(cls.__non_callable_proto_members__)
                    raise TypeError(
                        "Protocols with non-method members don't support issubclass()."
                        f" Non-method members: {str(non_method_attrs)[1:-1]}."
                    )
            return abc.ABCMeta.__subclasscheck__(cls, other)

        def __instancecheck__(cls, instance):
            # We need this method for situations where attributes are
            # assigned in __init__.
            if cls is Protocol:
                return type.__instancecheck__(cls, instance)
            if not getattr(cls, "_is_protocol", False):
                # i.e., it's a concrete subclass of a protocol
                return abc.ABCMeta.__instancecheck__(cls, instance)

            if (
                not getattr(cls, '_is_runtime_protocol', False) and
                not _allow_reckless_class_checks()
            ):
                raise TypeError("Instance and class checks can only be used with"
                                " @runtime_checkable protocols")

            if abc.ABCMeta.__instancecheck__(cls, instance):
                return True

            for attr in cls.__protocol_attrs__:
                try:
                    val = inspect.getattr_static(instance, attr)
                except AttributeError:
                    break
                # this attribute is set by @runtime_checkable:
                if val is None and attr not in cls.__non_callable_proto_members__:
                    break
            else:
                return True

            return False

        def __eq__(cls, other):
            # Hack so that typing.Generic.__class_getitem__
            # treats typing_extensions.Protocol
            # as equivalent to typing.Protocol
            if abc.ABCMeta.__eq__(cls, other) is True:
                return True
            return cls is Protocol and other is typing.Protocol

        # This has to be defined, or the abc-module cache
        # complains about classes with this metaclass being unhashable,
        # if we define only __eq__!
        def __hash__(cls) -> int:
            return type.__hash__(cls)

    @classmethod
    def _proto_hook(cls, other):
        if not cls.__dict__.get('_is_protocol', False):
            return NotImplemented

        for attr in cls.__protocol_attrs__:
            for base in other.__mro__:
                # Check if the members appears in the class dictionary...
                if attr in base.__dict__:
                    if base.__dict__[attr] is None:
                        return NotImplemented
                    break

                # ...or in annotations, if it is a sub-protocol.
                annotations = getattr(base, '__annotations__', {})
                if (
                    isinstance(annotations, collections.abc.Mapping)
                    and attr in annotations
                    and is_protocol(other)
                ):
                    break
            else:
                return NotImplemented
        return True

    class Protocol(typing.Generic, metaclass=_ProtocolMeta):
        __doc__ = typing.Protocol.__doc__
        __slots__ = ()
        _is_protocol = True
        _is_runtime_protocol = False

        def __init_subclass__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
            super().__init_subclass__(*args, **kwargs)

            # Determine if this is a protocol or a concrete subclass.
            if not cls.__dict__.get('_is_protocol', False):
                cls._is_protocol = any(b is Protocol for b in cls.__bases__)

            # Set (or override) the protocol subclass hook.
            if '__subclasshook__' not in cls.__dict__:
                cls.__subclasshook__ = _proto_hook

            # Prohibit instantiation for protocol classes
            if cls._is_protocol and cls.__init__ is Protocol.__init__:
                cls.__init__ = _no_init


if sys.version_info >= (3, 13):
    runtime_checkable = typing.runtime_checkable
else:
    def runtime_checkable(cls):
        """Mark a protocol class as a runtime protocol.

        Such protocol can be used with isinstance() and issubclass().
        Raise TypeError if applied to a non-protocol class.
        This allows a simple-minded structural check very similar to
        one trick ponies in collections.abc such as Iterable.

        For example::

            @runtime_checkable
            class Closable(Protocol):
                def close(self): ...

            assert isinstance(open('/some/file'), Closable)

        Warning: this will check only the presence of the required methods,
        not their type signatures!
        """
        if not issubclass(cls, typing.Generic) or not getattr(cls, '_is_protocol', False):
            raise TypeError('@runtime_checkable can be only applied to protocol classes,'
                            ' got %r' % cls)
        cls._is_runtime_protocol = True

        # typing.Protocol classes on <=3.11 break if we execute this block,
        # because typing.Protocol classes on <=3.11 don't have a
        # `__protocol_attrs__` attribute, and this block relies on the
        # `__protocol_attrs__` attribute. Meanwhile, typing.Protocol classes on 3.12.2+
        # break if we *don't* execute this block, because *they* assume that all
        # protocol classes have a `__non_callable_proto_members__` attribute
        # (which this block sets)
        if isinstance(cls, _ProtocolMeta) or sys.version_info >= (3, 12, 2):
            # PEP 544 prohibits using issubclass()
            # with protocols that have non-method members.
            # See gh-113320 for why we compute this attribute here,
            # rather than in `_ProtocolMeta.__init__`
            cls.__non_callable_proto_members__ = set()
            for attr in cls.__protocol_attrs__:
                try:
                    is_callable = callable(getattr(cls, attr, None))
                except Exception as e:
                    raise TypeError(
                        f"Failed to determine whether protocol member {attr!r} "
                        "is a method member"
                    ) from e
                else:
                    if not is_callable:
                        cls.__non_callable_proto_members__.add(attr)

        return cls


# The "runtime" alias exists for backwards compatibility.
runtime = runtime_checkable


# Our version of runtime-checkable protocols is faster on Python 3.8-3.11
if sys.version_info >= (3, 12):
    SupportsInt = typing.SupportsInt
    SupportsFloat = typing.SupportsFloat
    SupportsComplex = typing.SupportsComplex
    SupportsBytes = typing.SupportsBytes
    SupportsIndex = typing.SupportsIndex
    SupportsAbs = typing.SupportsAbs
    SupportsRound = typing.SupportsRound
else:
    @runtime_checkable
    class SupportsInt(Protocol):
        """An ABC with one abstract method __int__."""
        __slots__ = ()

        @abc.abstractmethod
        def __int__(self) -> int:
            pass

    @runtime_checkable
    class SupportsFloat(Protocol):
        """An ABC with one abstract method __float__."""
        __slots__ = ()

        @abc.abstractmethod
        def __float__(self) -> float:
            pass

    @runtime_checkable
    class SupportsComplex(Protocol):
        """An ABC with one abstract method __complex__."""
        __slots__ = ()

        @abc.abstractmethod
        def __complex__(self) -> complex:
            pass

    @runtime_checkable
    class SupportsBytes(Protocol):
        """An ABC with one abstract method __bytes__."""
        __slots__ = ()

        @abc.abstractmethod
        def __bytes__(self) -> bytes:
            pass

    @runtime_checkable
    class SupportsIndex(Protocol):
        __slots__ = ()

        @abc.abstractmethod
        def __index__(self) -> int:
            pass

    @runtime_checkable
    class SupportsAbs(Protocol[T_co]):
        """
        An ABC with one abstract method __abs__ that is covariant in its return type.
        """
        __slots__ = ()

        @abc.abstractmethod
        def __abs__(self) -> T_co:
            pass

    @runtime_checkable
    class SupportsRound(Protocol[T_co]):
        """
        An ABC with one abstract method __round__ that is covariant in its return type.
        """
        __slots__ = ()

        @abc.abstractmethod
        def __round__(self, ndigits: int = 0) -> T_co:
            pass


def _ensure_subclassable(mro_entries):
    def inner(func):
        if sys.implementation.name == "pypy" and sys.version_info < (3, 9):
            cls_dict = {
                "__call__": staticmethod(func),
                "__mro_entries__": staticmethod(mro_entries)
            }
            t = type(func.__name__, (), cls_dict)
            return functools.update_wrapper(t(), func)
        else:
            func.__mro_entries__ = mro_entries
            return func
    return inner


# Update this to something like >=3.13.0b1 if and when
# PEP 728 is implemented in CPython
_PEP_728_IMPLEMENTED = False

if _PEP_728_IMPLEMENTED:
    # The standard library TypedDict in Python 3.8 does not store runtime information
    # about which (if any) keys are optional.  See https://bugs.python.org/issue38834
    # The standard library TypedDict in Python 3.9.0/1 does not honour the "total"
    # keyword with old-style TypedDict().  See https://bugs.python.org/issue42059
    # The standard library TypedDict below Python 3.11 does not store runtime
    # information about optional and required keys when using Required or NotRequired.
    # Generic TypedDicts are also impossible using typing.TypedDict on Python <3.11.
    # Aaaand on 3.12 we add __orig_bases__ to TypedDict
    # to enable better runtime introspection.
    # On 3.13 we deprecate some odd ways of creating TypedDicts.
    # Also on 3.13, PEP 705 adds the ReadOnly[] qualifier.
    # PEP 728 (still pending) makes more changes.
    TypedDict = typing.TypedDict
    _TypedDictMeta = typing._TypedDictMeta
    is_typeddict = typing.is_typeddict
else:
    # 3.10.0 and later
    _TAKES_MODULE = "module" in inspect.signature(typing._type_check).parameters

    def _get_typeddict_qualifiers(annotation_type):
        while True:
            annotation_origin = get_origin(annotation_type)
            if annotation_origin is Annotated:
                annotation_args = get_args(annotation_type)
                if annotation_args:
                    annotation_type = annotation_args[0]
                else:
                    break
            elif annotation_origin is Required:
                yield Required
                annotation_type, = get_args(annotation_type)
            elif annotation_origin is NotRequired:
                yield NotRequired
                annotation_type, = get_args(annotation_type)
            elif annotation_origin is ReadOnly:
                yield ReadOnly
                annotation_type, = get_args(annotation_type)
            else:
                break

    class _TypedDictMeta(type):
        def __new__(cls, name, bases, ns, *, total=True, closed=False):
            """Create new typed dict class object.

            This method is called when TypedDict is subclassed,
            or when TypedDict is instantiated. This way
            TypedDict supports all three syntax forms described in its docstring.
            Subclasses and instances of TypedDict return actual dictionaries.
            """
            for base in bases:
                if type(base) is not _TypedDictMeta and base is not typing.Generic:
                    raise TypeError('cannot inherit from both a TypedDict type '
                                    'and a non-TypedDict base class')

            if any(issubclass(b, typing.Generic) for b in bases):
                generic_base = (typing.Generic,)
            else:
                generic_base = ()

            # typing.py generally doesn't let you inherit from plain Generic, unless
            # the name of the class happens to be "Protocol"
            tp_dict = type.__new__(_TypedDictMeta, "Protocol", (*generic_base, dict), ns)
            tp_dict.__name__ = name
            if tp_dict.__qualname__ == "Protocol":
                tp_dict.__qualname__ = name

            if not hasattr(tp_dict, '__orig_bases__'):
                tp_dict.__orig_bases__ = bases

            annotations = {}
            own_annotations = ns.get('__annotations__', {})
            msg = "TypedDict('Name', {f0: t0, f1: t1, ...}); each t must be a type"
            if _TAKES_MODULE:
                own_annotations = {
                    n: typing._type_check(tp, msg, module=tp_dict.__module__)
                    for n, tp in own_annotations.items()
                }
            else:
                own_annotations = {
                    n: typing._type_check(tp, msg)
                    for n, tp in own_annotations.items()
                }
            required_keys = set()
            optional_keys = set()
            readonly_keys = set()
            mutable_keys = set()
            extra_items_type = None

            for base in bases:
                base_dict = base.__dict__

                annotations.update(base_dict.get('__annotations__', {}))
                required_keys.update(base_dict.get('__required_keys__', ()))
                optional_keys.update(base_dict.get('__optional_keys__', ()))
                readonly_keys.update(base_dict.get('__readonly_keys__', ()))
                mutable_keys.update(base_dict.get('__mutable_keys__', ()))
                base_extra_items_type = base_dict.get('__extra_items__', None)
                if base_extra_items_type is not None:
                    extra_items_type = base_extra_items_type

            if closed and extra_items_type is None:
                extra_items_type = Never
            if closed and "__extra_items__" in own_annotations:
                annotation_type = own_annotations.pop("__extra_items__")
                qualifiers = set(_get_typeddict_qualifiers(annotation_type))
                if Required in qualifiers:
                    raise TypeError(
                        "Special key __extra_items__ does not support "
                        "Required"
                    )
                if NotRequired in qualifiers:
                    raise TypeError(
                        "Special key __extra_items__ does not support "
                        "NotRequired"
                    )
                extra_items_type = annotation_type

            annotations.update(own_annotations)
            for annotation_key, annotation_type in own_annotations.items():
                qualifiers = set(_get_typeddict_qualifiers(annotation_type))

                if Required in qualifiers:
                    required_keys.add(annotation_key)
                elif NotRequired in qualifiers:
                    optional_keys.add(annotation_key)
                elif total:
                    required_keys.add(annotation_key)
                else:
                    optional_keys.add(annotation_key)
                if ReadOnly in qualifiers:
                    mutable_keys.discard(annotation_key)
                    readonly_keys.add(annotation_key)
                else:
                    mutable_keys.add(annotation_key)
                    readonly_keys.discard(annotation_key)

            tp_dict.__annotations__ = annotations
            tp_dict.__required_keys__ = frozenset(required_keys)
            tp_dict.__optional_keys__ = frozenset(optional_keys)
            tp_dict.__readonly_keys__ = frozenset(readonly_keys)
            tp_dict.__mutable_keys__ = frozenset(mutable_keys)
            if not hasattr(tp_dict, '__total__'):
                tp_dict.__total__ = total
            tp_dict.__closed__ = closed
            tp_dict.__extra_items__ = extra_items_type
            return tp_dict

        __call__ = dict  # static method

        def __subclasscheck__(cls, other):
            # Typed dicts are only for static structural subtyping.
            raise TypeError('TypedDict does not support instance and class checks')

        __instancecheck__ = __subclasscheck__

    _TypedDict = type.__new__(_TypedDictMeta, 'TypedDict', (), {})

    @_ensure_subclassable(lambda bases: (_TypedDict,))
    def TypedDict(typename, fields=_marker, /, *, total=True, closed=False, **kwargs):
        """A simple typed namespace. At runtime it is equivalent to a plain dict.

        TypedDict creates a dictionary type such that a type checker will expect all
        instances to have a certain set of keys, where each key is
        associated with a value of a consistent type. This expectation
        is not checked at runtime.

        Usage::

            class Point2D(TypedDict):
                x: int
                y: int
                label: str

            a: Point2D = {'x': 1, 'y': 2, 'label': 'good'}  # OK
            b: Point2D = {'z': 3, 'label': 'bad'}           # Fails type check

            assert Point2D(x=1, y=2, label='first') == dict(x=1, y=2, label='first')

        The type info can be accessed via the Point2D.__annotations__ dict, and
        the Point2D.__required_keys__ and Point2D.__optional_keys__ frozensets.
        TypedDict supports an additional equivalent form::

            Point2D = TypedDict('Point2D', {'x': int, 'y': int, 'label': str})

        By default, all keys must be present in a TypedDict. It is possible
        to override this by specifying totality::

            class Point2D(TypedDict, total=False):
                x: int
                y: int

        This means that a Point2D TypedDict can have any of the keys omitted. A type
        checker is only expected to support a literal False or True as the value of
        the total argument. True is the default, and makes all items defined in the
        class body be required.

        The Required and NotRequired special forms can also be used to mark
        individual keys as being required or not required::

            class Point2D(TypedDict):
                x: int  # the "x" key must always be present (Required is the default)
                y: NotRequired[int]  # the "y" key can be omitted

        See PEP 655 for more details on Required and NotRequired.
        """
        if fields is _marker or fields is None:
            if fields is _marker:
                deprecated_thing = "Failing to pass a value for the 'fields' parameter"
            else:
                deprecated_thing = "Passing `None` as the 'fields' parameter"

            example = f"`{typename} = TypedDict({typename!r}, {{}})`"
            deprecation_msg = (
                f"{deprecated_thing} is deprecated and will be disallowed in "
                "Python 3.15. To create a TypedDict class with 0 fields "
                "using the functional syntax, pass an empty dictionary, e.g. "
            ) + example + "."
            warnings.warn(deprecation_msg, DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
            if closed is not False and closed is not True:
                kwargs["closed"] = closed
                closed = False
            fields = kwargs
        elif kwargs:
            raise TypeError("TypedDict takes either a dict or keyword arguments,"
                            " but not both")
        if kwargs:
            if sys.version_info >= (3, 13):
                raise TypeError("TypedDict takes no keyword arguments")
            warnings.warn(
                "The kwargs-based syntax for TypedDict definitions is deprecated "
                "in Python 3.11, will be removed in Python 3.13, and may not be "
                "understood by third-party type checkers.",
                DeprecationWarning,
                stacklevel=2,
            )

        ns = {'__annotations__': dict(fields)}
        module = _caller()
        if module is not None:
            # Setting correct module is necessary to make typed dict classes pickleable.
            ns['__module__'] = module

        td = _TypedDictMeta(typename, (), ns, total=total, closed=closed)
        td.__orig_bases__ = (TypedDict,)
        return td

    if hasattr(typing, "_TypedDictMeta"):
        _TYPEDDICT_TYPES = (typing._TypedDictMeta, _TypedDictMeta)
    else:
        _TYPEDDICT_TYPES = (_TypedDictMeta,)

    def is_typeddict(tp):
        """Check if an annotation is a TypedDict class

        For example::
            class Film(TypedDict):
                title: str
                year: int

            is_typeddict(Film)  # => True
            is_typeddict(Union[list, str])  # => False
        """
        # On 3.8, this would otherwise return True
        if hasattr(typing, "TypedDict") and tp is typing.TypedDict:
            return False
        return isinstance(tp, _TYPEDDICT_TYPES)


if hasattr(typing, "assert_type"):
    assert_type = typing.assert_type

else:
    def assert_type(val, typ, /):
        """Assert (to the type checker) that the value is of the given type.

        When the type checker encounters a call to assert_type(), it
        emits an error if the value is not of the specified type::

            def greet(name: str) -> None:
                assert_type(name, str)  # ok
                assert_type(name, int)  # type checker error

        At runtime this returns the first argument unchanged and otherwise
        does nothing.
        """
        return val


if hasattr(typing, "ReadOnly"):  # 3.13+
    get_type_hints = typing.get_type_hints
else:  # <=3.13
    # replaces _strip_annotations()
    def _strip_extras(t):
        """Strips Annotated, Required and NotRequired from a given type."""
        if isinstance(t, _AnnotatedAlias):
            return _strip_extras(t.__origin__)
        if hasattr(t, "__origin__") and t.__origin__ in (Required, NotRequired, ReadOnly):
            return _strip_extras(t.__args__[0])
        if isinstance(t, typing._GenericAlias):
            stripped_args = tuple(_strip_extras(a) for a in t.__args__)
            if stripped_args == t.__args__:
                return t
            return t.copy_with(stripped_args)
        if hasattr(_types, "GenericAlias") and isinstance(t, _types.GenericAlias):
            stripped_args = tuple(_strip_extras(a) for a in t.__args__)
            if stripped_args == t.__args__:
                return t
            return _types.GenericAlias(t.__origin__, stripped_args)
        if hasattr(_types, "UnionType") and isinstance(t, _types.UnionType):
            stripped_args = tuple(_strip_extras(a) for a in t.__args__)
            if stripped_args == t.__args__:
                return t
            return functools.reduce(operator.or_, stripped_args)

        return t

    def get_type_hints(obj, globalns=None, localns=None, include_extras=False):
        """Return type hints for an object.

        This is often the same as obj.__annotations__, but it handles
        forward references encoded as string literals, adds Optional[t] if a
        default value equal to None is set and recursively replaces all
        'Annotated[T, ...]', 'Required[T]' or 'NotRequired[T]' with 'T'
        (unless 'include_extras=True').

        The argument may be a module, class, method, or function. The annotations
        are returned as a dictionary. For classes, annotations include also
        inherited members.

        TypeError is raised if the argument is not of a type that can contain
        annotations, and an empty dictionary is returned if no annotations are
        present.

        BEWARE -- the behavior of globalns and localns is counterintuitive
        (unless you are familiar with how eval() and exec() work).  The
        search order is locals first, then globals.

        - If no dict arguments are passed, an attempt is made to use the
          globals from obj (or the respective module's globals for classes),
          and these are also used as the locals.  If the object does not appear
          to have globals, an empty dictionary is used.

        - If one dict argument is passed, it is used for both globals and
          locals.

        - If two dict arguments are passed, they specify globals and
          locals, respectively.
        """
        if hasattr(typing, "Annotated"):  # 3.9+
            hint = typing.get_type_hints(
                obj, globalns=globalns, localns=localns, include_extras=True
            )
        else:  # 3.8
            hint = typing.get_type_hints(obj, globalns=globalns, localns=localns)
        if include_extras:
            return hint
        return {k: _strip_extras(t) for k, t in hint.items()}


# Python 3.9+ has PEP 593 (Annotated)
if hasattr(typing, 'Annotated'):
    Annotated = typing.Annotated
    # Not exported and not a public API, but needed for get_origin() and get_args()
    # to work.
    _AnnotatedAlias = typing._AnnotatedAlias
# 3.8
else:
    class _AnnotatedAlias(typing._GenericAlias, _root=True):
        """Runtime representation of an annotated type.

        At its core 'Annotated[t, dec1, dec2, ...]' is an alias for the type 't'
        with extra annotations. The alias behaves like a normal typing alias,
        instantiating is the same as instantiating the underlying type, binding
        it to types is also the same.
        """
        def __init__(self, origin, metadata):
            if isinstance(origin, _AnnotatedAlias):
                metadata = origin.__metadata__ + metadata
                origin = origin.__origin__
            super().__init__(origin, origin)
            self.__metadata__ = metadata

        def copy_with(self, params):
            assert len(params) == 1
            new_type = params[0]
            return _AnnotatedAlias(new_type, self.__metadata__)

        def __repr__(self):
            return (f"typing_extensions.Annotated[{typing._type_repr(self.__origin__)}, "
                    f"{', '.join(repr(a) for a in self.__metadata__)}]")

        def __reduce__(self):
            return operator.getitem, (
                Annotated, (self.__origin__,) + self.__metadata__
            )

        def __eq__(self, other):
            if not isinstance(other, _AnnotatedAlias):
                return NotImplemented
            if self.__origin__ != other.__origin__:
                return False
            return self.__metadata__ == other.__metadata__

        def __hash__(self):
            return hash((self.__origin__, self.__metadata__))

    class Annotated:
        """Add context specific metadata to a type.

        Example: Annotated[int, runtime_check.Unsigned] indicates to the
        hypothetical runtime_check module that this type is an unsigned int.
        Every other consumer of this type can ignore this metadata and treat
        this type as int.

        The first argument to Annotated must be a valid type (and will be in
        the __origin__ field), the remaining arguments are kept as a tuple in
        the __extra__ field.

        Details:

        - It's an error to call `Annotated` with less than two arguments.
        - Nested Annotated are flattened::

            Annotated[Annotated[T, Ann1, Ann2], Ann3] == Annotated[T, Ann1, Ann2, Ann3]

        - Instantiating an annotated type is equivalent to instantiating the
        underlying type::

            Annotated[C, Ann1](5) == C(5)

        - Annotated can be used as a generic type alias::

            Optimized = Annotated[T, runtime.Optimize()]
            Optimized[int] == Annotated[int, runtime.Optimize()]

            OptimizedList = Annotated[List[T], runtime.Optimize()]
            OptimizedList[int] == Annotated[List[int], runtime.Optimize()]
        """

        __slots__ = ()

        def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
            raise TypeError("Type Annotated cannot be instantiated.")

        @typing._tp_cache
        def __class_getitem__(cls, params):
            if not isinstance(params, tuple) or len(params) < 2:
                raise TypeError("Annotated[...] should be used "
                                "with at least two arguments (a type and an "
                                "annotation).")
            allowed_special_forms = (ClassVar, Final)
            if get_origin(params[0]) in allowed_special_forms:
                origin = params[0]
            else:
                msg = "Annotated[t, ...]: t must be a type."
                origin = typing._type_check(params[0], msg)
            metadata = tuple(params[1:])
            return _AnnotatedAlias(origin, metadata)

        def __init_subclass__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
            raise TypeError(
                f"Cannot subclass {cls.__module__}.Annotated"
            )

# Python 3.8 has get_origin() and get_args() but those implementations aren't
# Annotated-aware, so we can't use those. Python 3.9's versions don't support
# ParamSpecArgs and ParamSpecKwargs, so only Python 3.10's versions will do.
if sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 10):
    get_origin = typing.get_origin
    get_args = typing.get_args
# 3.8-3.9
else:
    try:
        # 3.9+
        from typing import _BaseGenericAlias
    except ImportError:
        _BaseGenericAlias = typing._GenericAlias
    try:
        # 3.9+
        from typing import GenericAlias as _typing_GenericAlias
    except ImportError:
        _typing_GenericAlias = typing._GenericAlias

    def get_origin(tp):
        """Get the unsubscripted version of a type.

        This supports generic types, Callable, Tuple, Union, Literal, Final, ClassVar
        and Annotated. Return None for unsupported types. Examples::

            get_origin(Literal[42]) is Literal
            get_origin(int) is None
            get_origin(ClassVar[int]) is ClassVar
            get_origin(Generic) is Generic
            get_origin(Generic[T]) is Generic
            get_origin(Union[T, int]) is Union
            get_origin(List[Tuple[T, T]][int]) == list
            get_origin(P.args) is P
        """
        if isinstance(tp, _AnnotatedAlias):
            return Annotated
        if isinstance(tp, (typing._GenericAlias, _typing_GenericAlias, _BaseGenericAlias,
                           ParamSpecArgs, ParamSpecKwargs)):
            return tp.__origin__
        if tp is typing.Generic:
            return typing.Generic
        return None

    def get_args(tp):
        """Get type arguments with all substitutions performed.

        For unions, basic simplifications used by Union constructor are performed.
        Examples::
            get_args(Dict[str, int]) == (str, int)
            get_args(int) == ()
            get_args(Union[int, Union[T, int], str][int]) == (int, str)
            get_args(Union[int, Tuple[T, int]][str]) == (int, Tuple[str, int])
            get_args(Callable[[], T][int]) == ([], int)
        """
        if isinstance(tp, _AnnotatedAlias):
            return (tp.__origin__,) + tp.__metadata__
        if isinstance(tp, (typing._GenericAlias, _typing_GenericAlias)):
            if getattr(tp, "_special", False):
                return ()
            res = tp.__args__
            if get_origin(tp) is collections.abc.Callable and res[0] is not Ellipsis:
                res = (list(res[:-1]), res[-1])
            return res
        return ()


# 3.10+
if hasattr(typing, 'TypeAlias'):
    TypeAlias = typing.TypeAlias
# 3.9
elif sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 9):
    @_ExtensionsSpecialForm
    def TypeAlias(self, parameters):
        """Special marker indicating that an assignment should
        be recognized as a proper type alias definition by type
        checkers.

        For example::

            Predicate: TypeAlias = Callable[..., bool]

        It's invalid when used anywhere except as in the example above.
        """
        raise TypeError(f"{self} is not subscriptable")
# 3.8
else:
    TypeAlias = _ExtensionsSpecialForm(
        'TypeAlias',
        doc="""Special marker indicating that an assignment should
        be recognized as a proper type alias definition by type
        checkers.

        For example::

            Predicate: TypeAlias = Callable[..., bool]

        It's invalid when used anywhere except as in the example
        above."""
    )


if hasattr(typing, "NoDefault"):
    NoDefault = typing.NoDefault
else:
    class NoDefaultType:
        __slots__ = ()

        def __new__(cls):
            return globals().get("NoDefault") or object.__new__(cls)

        def __repr__(self):
            return "typing_extensions.NoDefault"

        def __reduce__(self):
            return "NoDefault"

    NoDefault = NoDefaultType()
    del NoDefaultType


def _set_default(type_param, default):
    type_param.has_default = lambda: default is not NoDefault
    if isinstance(default, (tuple, list)):
        type_param.__default__ = tuple((typing._type_check(d, "Default must be a type")
                                        for d in default))
    elif default in (None, NoDefault):
        type_param.__default__ = default
    else:
        if isinstance(type_param, ParamSpec) and default is ...:  # ... not valid <3.11
            type_param.__default__ = default
        else:
            type_param.__default__ = typing._type_check(default, "Default must be a type")


def _set_module(typevarlike):
    # for pickling:
    def_mod = _caller(depth=3)
    if def_mod != 'typing_extensions':
        typevarlike.__module__ = def_mod


class _DefaultMixin:
    """Mixin for TypeVarLike defaults."""

    __slots__ = ()
    __init__ = _set_default


# Classes using this metaclass must provide a _backported_typevarlike ClassVar
class _TypeVarLikeMeta(type):
    def __instancecheck__(cls, __instance: Any) -> bool:
        return isinstance(__instance, cls._backported_typevarlike)


if _PEP_696_IMPLEMENTED:
    from typing import TypeVar
else:
    # Add default and infer_variance parameters from PEP 696 and 695
    class TypeVar(metaclass=_TypeVarLikeMeta):
        """Type variable."""

        _backported_typevarlike = typing.TypeVar

        def __new__(cls, name, *constraints, bound=None,
                    covariant=False, contravariant=False,
                    default=NoDefault, infer_variance=False):
            if hasattr(typing, "TypeAliasType"):
                # PEP 695 implemented (3.12+), can pass infer_variance to typing.TypeVar
                typevar = typing.TypeVar(name, *constraints, bound=bound,
                                         covariant=covariant, contravariant=contravariant,
                                         infer_variance=infer_variance)
            else:
                typevar = typing.TypeVar(name, *constraints, bound=bound,
                                         covariant=covariant, contravariant=contravariant)
                if infer_variance and (covariant or contravariant):
                    raise ValueError("Variance cannot be specified with infer_variance.")
                typevar.__infer_variance__ = infer_variance
            _set_default(typevar, default)
            _set_module(typevar)
            return typevar

        def __init_subclass__(cls) -> None:
            raise TypeError(f"type '{__name__}.TypeVar' is not an acceptable base type")


# Python 3.10+ has PEP 612
if hasattr(typing, 'ParamSpecArgs'):
    ParamSpecArgs = typing.ParamSpecArgs
    ParamSpecKwargs = typing.ParamSpecKwargs
# 3.8-3.9
else:
    class _Immutable:
        """Mixin to indicate that object should not be copied."""
        __slots__ = ()

        def __copy__(self):
            return self

        def __deepcopy__(self, memo):
            return self

    class ParamSpecArgs(_Immutable):
        """The args for a ParamSpec object.

        Given a ParamSpec object P, P.args is an instance of ParamSpecArgs.

        ParamSpecArgs objects have a reference back to their ParamSpec:

        P.args.__origin__ is P

        This type is meant for runtime introspection and has no special meaning to
        static type checkers.
        """
        def __init__(self, origin):
            self.__origin__ = origin

        def __repr__(self):
            return f"{self.__origin__.__name__}.args"

        def __eq__(self, other):
            if not isinstance(other, ParamSpecArgs):
                return NotImplemented
            return self.__origin__ == other.__origin__

    class ParamSpecKwargs(_Immutable):
        """The kwargs for a ParamSpec object.

        Given a ParamSpec object P, P.kwargs is an instance of ParamSpecKwargs.

        ParamSpecKwargs objects have a reference back to their ParamSpec:

        P.kwargs.__origin__ is P

        This type is meant for runtime introspection and has no special meaning to
        static type checkers.
        """
        def __init__(self, origin):
            self.__origin__ = origin

        def __repr__(self):
            return f"{self.__origin__.__name__}.kwargs"

        def __eq__(self, other):
            if not isinstance(other, ParamSpecKwargs):
                return NotImplemented
            return self.__origin__ == other.__origin__


if _PEP_696_IMPLEMENTED:
    from typing import ParamSpec

# 3.10+
elif hasattr(typing, 'ParamSpec'):

    # Add default parameter - PEP 696
    class ParamSpec(metaclass=_TypeVarLikeMeta):
        """Parameter specification."""

        _backported_typevarlike = typing.ParamSpec

        def __new__(cls, name, *, bound=None,
                    covariant=False, contravariant=False,
                    infer_variance=False, default=NoDefault):
            if hasattr(typing, "TypeAliasType"):
                # PEP 695 implemented, can pass infer_variance to typing.TypeVar
                paramspec = typing.ParamSpec(name, bound=bound,
                                             covariant=covariant,
                                             contravariant=contravariant,
                                             infer_variance=infer_variance)
            else:
                paramspec = typing.ParamSpec(name, bound=bound,
                                             covariant=covariant,
                                             contravariant=contravariant)
                paramspec.__infer_variance__ = infer_variance

            _set_default(paramspec, default)
            _set_module(paramspec)
            return paramspec

        def __init_subclass__(cls) -> None:
            raise TypeError(f"type '{__name__}.ParamSpec' is not an acceptable base type")

# 3.8-3.9
else:

    # Inherits from list as a workaround for Callable checks in Python < 3.9.2.
    class ParamSpec(list, _DefaultMixin):
        """Parameter specification variable.

        Usage::

           P = ParamSpec('P')

        Parameter specification variables exist primarily for the benefit of static
        type checkers.  They are used to forward the parameter types of one
        callable to another callable, a pattern commonly found in higher order
        functions and decorators.  They are only valid when used in ``Concatenate``,
        or s the first argument to ``Callable``. In Python 3.10 and higher,
        they are also supported in user-defined Generics at runtime.
        See class Generic for more information on generic types.  An
        example for annotating a decorator::

           T = TypeVar('T')
           P = ParamSpec('P')

           def add_logging(f: Callable[P, T]) -> Callable[P, T]:
               '''A type-safe decorator to add logging to a function.'''
               def inner(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> T:
                   logging.info(f'{f.__name__} was called')
                   return f(*args, **kwargs)
               return inner

           @add_logging
           def add_two(x: float, y: float) -> float:
               '''Add two numbers together.'''
               return x + y

        Parameter specification variables defined with covariant=True or
        contravariant=True can be used to declare covariant or contravariant
        generic types.  These keyword arguments are valid, but their actual semantics
        are yet to be decided.  See PEP 612 for details.

        Parameter specification variables can be introspected. e.g.:

           P.__name__ == 'T'
           P.__bound__ == None
           P.__covariant__ == False
           P.__contravariant__ == False

        Note that only parameter specification variables defined in global scope can
        be pickled.
        """

        # Trick Generic __parameters__.
        __class__ = typing.TypeVar

        @property
        def args(self):
            return ParamSpecArgs(self)

        @property
        def kwargs(self):
            return ParamSpecKwargs(self)

        def __init__(self, name, *, bound=None, covariant=False, contravariant=False,
                     infer_variance=False, default=NoDefault):
            super().__init__([self])
            self.__name__ = name
            self.__covariant__ = bool(covariant)
            self.__contravariant__ = bool(contravariant)
            self.__infer_variance__ = bool(infer_variance)
            if bound:
                self.__bound__ = typing._type_check(bound, 'Bound must be a type.')
            else:
                self.__bound__ = None
            _DefaultMixin.__init__(self, default)

            # for pickling:
            def_mod = _caller()
            if def_mod != 'typing_extensions':
                self.__module__ = def_mod

        def __repr__(self):
            if self.__infer_variance__:
                prefix = ''
            elif self.__covariant__:
                prefix = '+'
            elif self.__contravariant__:
                prefix = '-'
            else:
                prefix = '~'
            return prefix + self.__name__

        def __hash__(self):
            return object.__hash__(self)

        def __eq__(self, other):
            return self is other

        def __reduce__(self):
            return self.__name__

        # Hack to get typing._type_check to pass.
        def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
            pass


# 3.8-3.9
if not hasattr(typing, 'Concatenate'):
    # Inherits from list as a workaround for Callable checks in Python < 3.9.2.
    class _ConcatenateGenericAlias(list):

        # Trick Generic into looking into this for __parameters__.
        __class__ = typing._GenericAlias

        # Flag in 3.8.
        _special = False

        def __init__(self, origin, args):
            super().__init__(args)
            self.__origin__ = origin
            self.__args__ = args

        def __repr__(self):
            _type_repr = typing._type_repr
            return (f'{_type_repr(self.__origin__)}'
                    f'[{", ".join(_type_repr(arg) for arg in self.__args__)}]')

        def __hash__(self):
            return hash((self.__origin__, self.__args__))

        # Hack to get typing._type_check to pass in Generic.
        def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
            pass

        @property
        def __parameters__(self):
            return tuple(
                tp for tp in self.__args__ if isinstance(tp, (typing.TypeVar, ParamSpec))
            )


# 3.8-3.9
@typing._tp_cache
def _concatenate_getitem(self, parameters):
    if parameters == ():
        raise TypeError("Cannot take a Concatenate of no types.")
    if not isinstance(parameters, tuple):
        parameters = (parameters,)
    if not isinstance(parameters[-1], ParamSpec):
        raise TypeError("The last parameter to Concatenate should be a "
                        "ParamSpec variable.")
    msg = "Concatenate[arg, ...]: each arg must be a type."
    parameters = tuple(typing._type_check(p, msg) for p in parameters)
    return _ConcatenateGenericAlias(self, parameters)


# 3.10+
if hasattr(typing, 'Concatenate'):
    Concatenate = typing.Concatenate
    _ConcatenateGenericAlias = typing._ConcatenateGenericAlias  # noqa: F811
# 3.9
elif sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 9):
    @_ExtensionsSpecialForm
    def Concatenate(self, parameters):
        """Used in conjunction with ``ParamSpec`` and ``Callable`` to represent a
        higher order function which adds, removes or transforms parameters of a
        callable.

        For example::

           Callable[Concatenate[int, P], int]

        See PEP 612 for detailed information.
        """
        return _concatenate_getitem(self, parameters)
# 3.8
else:
    class _ConcatenateForm(_ExtensionsSpecialForm, _root=True):
        def __getitem__(self, parameters):
            return _concatenate_getitem(self, parameters)

    Concatenate = _ConcatenateForm(
        'Concatenate',
        doc="""Used in conjunction with ``ParamSpec`` and ``Callable`` to represent a
        higher order function which adds, removes or transforms parameters of a
        callable.

        For example::

           Callable[Concatenate[int, P], int]

        See PEP 612 for detailed information.
        """)

# 3.10+
if hasattr(typing, 'TypeGuard'):
    TypeGuard = typing.TypeGuard
# 3.9
elif sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 9):
    @_ExtensionsSpecialForm
    def TypeGuard(self, parameters):
        """Special typing form used to annotate the return type of a user-defined
        type guard function.  ``TypeGuard`` only accepts a single type argument.
        At runtime, functions marked this way should return a boolean.

        ``TypeGuard`` aims to benefit *type narrowing* -- a technique used by static
        type checkers to determine a more precise type of an expression within a
        program's code flow.  Usually type narrowing is done by analyzing
        conditional code flow and applying the narrowing to a block of code.  The
        conditional expression here is sometimes referred to as a "type guard".

        Sometimes it would be convenient to use a user-defined boolean function
        as a type guard.  Such a function should use ``TypeGuard[...]`` as its
        return type to alert static type checkers to this intention.

        Using  ``-> TypeGuard`` tells the static type checker that for a given
        function:

        1. The return value is a boolean.
        2. If the return value is ``True``, the type of its argument
        is the type inside ``TypeGuard``.

        For example::

            def is_str(val: Union[str, float]):
                # "isinstance" type guard
                if isinstance(val, str):
                    # Type of ``val`` is narrowed to ``str``
                    ...
                else:
                    # Else, type of ``val`` is narrowed to ``float``.
                    ...

        Strict type narrowing is not enforced -- ``TypeB`` need not be a narrower
        form of ``TypeA`` (it can even be a wider form) and this may lead to
        type-unsafe results.  The main reason is to allow for things like
        narrowing ``List[object]`` to ``List[str]`` even though the latter is not
        a subtype of the former, since ``List`` is invariant.  The responsibility of
        writing type-safe type guards is left to the user.

        ``TypeGuard`` also works with type variables.  For more information, see
        PEP 647 (User-Defined Type Guards).
        """
        item = typing._type_check(parameters, f'{self} accepts only a single type.')
        return typing._GenericAlias(self, (item,))
# 3.8
else:
    class _TypeGuardForm(_ExtensionsSpecialForm, _root=True):
        def __getitem__(self, parameters):
            item = typing._type_check(parameters,
                                      f'{self._name} accepts only a single type')
            return typing._GenericAlias(self, (item,))

    TypeGuard = _TypeGuardForm(
        'TypeGuard',
        doc="""Special typing form used to annotate the return type of a user-defined
        type guard function.  ``TypeGuard`` only accepts a single type argument.
        At runtime, functions marked this way should return a boolean.

        ``TypeGuard`` aims to benefit *type narrowing* -- a technique used by static
        type checkers to determine a more precise type of an expression within a
        program's code flow.  Usually type narrowing is done by analyzing
        conditional code flow and applying the narrowing to a block of code.  The
        conditional expression here is sometimes referred to as a "type guard".

        Sometimes it would be convenient to use a user-defined boolean function
        as a type guard.  Such a function should use ``TypeGuard[...]`` as its
        return type to alert static type checkers to this intention.

        Using  ``-> TypeGuard`` tells the static type checker that for a given
        function:

        1. The return value is a boolean.
        2. If the return value is ``True``, the type of its argument
        is the type inside ``TypeGuard``.

        For example::

            def is_str(val: Union[str, float]):
                # "isinstance" type guard
                if isinstance(val, str):
                    # Type of ``val`` is narrowed to ``str``
                    ...
                else:
                    # Else, type of ``val`` is narrowed to ``float``.
                    ...

        Strict type narrowing is not enforced -- ``TypeB`` need not be a narrower
        form of ``TypeA`` (it can even be a wider form) and this may lead to
        type-unsafe results.  The main reason is to allow for things like
        narrowing ``List[object]`` to ``List[str]`` even though the latter is not
        a subtype of the former, since ``List`` is invariant.  The responsibility of
        writing type-safe type guards is left to the user.

        ``TypeGuard`` also works with type variables.  For more information, see
        PEP 647 (User-Defined Type Guards).
        """)

# 3.13+
if hasattr(typing, 'TypeIs'):
    TypeIs = typing.TypeIs
# 3.9
elif sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 9):
    @_ExtensionsSpecialForm
    def TypeIs(self, parameters):
        """Special typing form used to annotate the return type of a user-defined
        type narrower function.  ``TypeIs`` only accepts a single type argument.
        At runtime, functions marked this way should return a boolean.

        ``TypeIs`` aims to benefit *type narrowing* -- a technique used by static
        type checkers to determine a more precise type of an expression within a
        program's code flow.  Usually type narrowing is done by analyzing
        conditional code flow and applying the narrowing to a block of code.  The
        conditional expression here is sometimes referred to as a "type guard".

        Sometimes it would be convenient to use a user-defined boolean function
        as a type guard.  Such a function should use ``TypeIs[...]`` as its
        return type to alert static type checkers to this intention.

        Using  ``-> TypeIs`` tells the static type checker that for a given
        function:

        1. The return value is a boolean.
        2. If the return value is ``True``, the type of its argument
        is the intersection of the type inside ``TypeGuard`` and the argument's
        previously known type.

        For example::

            def is_awaitable(val: object) -> TypeIs[Awaitable[Any]]:
                return hasattr(val, '__await__')

            def f(val: Union[int, Awaitable[int]]) -> int:
                if is_awaitable(val):
                    assert_type(val, Awaitable[int])
                else:
                    assert_type(val, int)

        ``TypeIs`` also works with type variables.  For more information, see
        PEP 742 (Narrowing types with TypeIs).
        """
        item = typing._type_check(parameters, f'{self} accepts only a single type.')
        return typing._GenericAlias(self, (item,))
# 3.8
else:
    class _TypeIsForm(_ExtensionsSpecialForm, _root=True):
        def __getitem__(self, parameters):
            item = typing._type_check(parameters,
                                      f'{self._name} accepts only a single type')
            return typing._GenericAlias(self, (item,))

    TypeIs = _TypeIsForm(
        'TypeIs',
        doc="""Special typing form used to annotate the return type of a user-defined
        type narrower function.  ``TypeIs`` only accepts a single type argument.
        At runtime, functions marked this way should return a boolean.

        ``TypeIs`` aims to benefit *type narrowing* -- a technique used by static
        type checkers to determine a more precise type of an expression within a
        program's code flow.  Usually type narrowing is done by analyzing
        conditional code flow and applying the narrowing to a block of code.  The
        conditional expression here is sometimes referred to as a "type guard".

        Sometimes it would be convenient to use a user-defined boolean function
        as a type guard.  Such a function should use ``TypeIs[...]`` as its
        return type to alert static type checkers to this intention.

        Using  ``-> TypeIs`` tells the static type checker that for a given
        function:

        1. The return value is a boolean.
        2. If the return value is ``True``, the type of its argument
        is the intersection of the type inside ``TypeGuard`` and the argument's
        previously known type.

        For example::

            def is_awaitable(val: object) -> TypeIs[Awaitable[Any]]:
                return hasattr(val, '__await__')

            def f(val: Union[int, Awaitable[int]]) -> int:
                if is_awaitable(val):
                    assert_type(val, Awaitable[int])
                else:
                    assert_type(val, int)

        ``TypeIs`` also works with type variables.  For more information, see
        PEP 742 (Narrowing types with TypeIs).
        """)


# Vendored from cpython typing._SpecialFrom
class _SpecialForm(typing._Final, _root=True):
    __slots__ = ('_name', '__doc__', '_getitem')

    def __init__(self, getitem):
        self._getitem = getitem
        self._name = getitem.__name__
        self.__doc__ = getitem.__doc__

    def __getattr__(self, item):
        if item in {'__name__', '__qualname__'}:
            return self._name

        raise AttributeError(item)

    def __mro_entries__(self, bases):
        raise TypeError(f"Cannot subclass {self!r}")

    def __repr__(self):
        return f'typing_extensions.{self._name}'

    def __reduce__(self):
        return self._name

    def __call__(self, *args, **kwds):
        raise TypeError(f"Cannot instantiate {self!r}")

    def __or__(self, other):
        return typing.Union[self, other]

    def __ror__(self, other):
        return typing.Union[other, self]

    def __instancecheck__(self, obj):
        raise TypeError(f"{self} cannot be used with isinstance()")

    def __subclasscheck__(self, cls):
        raise TypeError(f"{self} cannot be used with issubclass()")

    @typing._tp_cache
    def __getitem__(self, parameters):
        return self._getitem(self, parameters)


if hasattr(typing, "LiteralString"):  # 3.11+
    LiteralString = typing.LiteralString
else:
    @_SpecialForm
    def LiteralString(self, params):
        """Represents an arbitrary literal string.

        Example::

          from typing_extensions import LiteralString

          def query(sql: LiteralString) -> ...:
              ...

          query("SELECT * FROM table")  # ok
          query(f"SELECT * FROM {input()}")  # not ok

        See PEP 675 for details.

        """
        raise TypeError(f"{self} is not subscriptable")


if hasattr(typing, "Self"):  # 3.11+
    Self = typing.Self
else:
    @_SpecialForm
    def Self(self, params):
        """Used to spell the type of "self" in classes.

        Example::

          from typing import Self

          class ReturnsSelf:
              def parse(self, data: bytes) -> Self:
                  ...
                  return self

        """

        raise TypeError(f"{self} is not subscriptable")


if hasattr(typing, "Never"):  # 3.11+
    Never = typing.Never
else:
    @_SpecialForm
    def Never(self, params):
        """The bottom type, a type that has no members.

        This can be used to define a function that should never be
        called, or a function that never returns::

            from typing_extensions import Never

            def never_call_me(arg: Never) -> None:
                pass

            def int_or_str(arg: int | str) -> None:
                never_call_me(arg)  # type checker error
                match arg:
                    case int():
                        print("It's an int")
                    case str():
                        print("It's a str")
                    case _:
                        never_call_me(arg)  # ok, arg is of type Never

        """

        raise TypeError(f"{self} is not subscriptable")


if hasattr(typing, 'Required'):  # 3.11+
    Required = typing.Required
    NotRequired = typing.NotRequired
elif sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 9):  # 3.9-3.10
    @_ExtensionsSpecialForm
    def Required(self, parameters):
        """A special typing construct to mark a key of a total=False TypedDict
        as required. For example:

            class Movie(TypedDict, total=False):
                title: Required[str]
                year: int

            m = Movie(
                title='The Matrix',  # typechecker error if key is omitted
                year=1999,
            )

        There is no runtime checking that a required key is actually provided
        when instantiating a related TypedDict.
        """
        item = typing._type_check(parameters, f'{self._name} accepts only a single type.')
        return typing._GenericAlias(self, (item,))

    @_ExtensionsSpecialForm
    def NotRequired(self, parameters):
        """A special typing construct to mark a key of a TypedDict as
        potentially missing. For example:

            class Movie(TypedDict):
                title: str
                year: NotRequired[int]

            m = Movie(
                title='The Matrix',  # typechecker error if key is omitted
                year=1999,
            )
        """
        item = typing._type_check(parameters, f'{self._name} accepts only a single type.')
        return typing._GenericAlias(self, (item,))

else:  # 3.8
    class _RequiredForm(_ExtensionsSpecialForm, _root=True):
        def __getitem__(self, parameters):
            item = typing._type_check(parameters,
                                      f'{self._name} accepts only a single type.')
            return typing._GenericAlias(self, (item,))

    Required = _RequiredForm(
        'Required',
        doc="""A special typing construct to mark a key of a total=False TypedDict
        as required. For example:

            class Movie(TypedDict, total=False):
                title: Required[str]
                year: int

            m = Movie(
                title='The Matrix',  # typechecker error if key is omitted
                year=1999,
            )

        There is no runtime checking that a required key is actually provided
        when instantiating a related TypedDict.
        """)
    NotRequired = _RequiredForm(
        'NotRequired',
        doc="""A special typing construct to mark a key of a TypedDict as
        potentially missing. For example:

            class Movie(TypedDict):
                title: str
                year: NotRequired[int]

            m = Movie(
                title='The Matrix',  # typechecker error if key is omitted
                year=1999,
            )
        """)


if hasattr(typing, 'ReadOnly'):
    ReadOnly = typing.ReadOnly
elif sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 9):  # 3.9-3.12
    @_ExtensionsSpecialForm
    def ReadOnly(self, parameters):
        """A special typing construct to mark an item of a TypedDict as read-only.

        For example:

            class Movie(TypedDict):
                title: ReadOnly[str]
                year: int

            def mutate_movie(m: Movie) -> None:
                m["year"] = 1992  # allowed
                m["title"] = "The Matrix"  # typechecker error

        There is no runtime checking for this property.
        """
        item = typing._type_check(parameters, f'{self._name} accepts only a single type.')
        return typing._GenericAlias(self, (item,))

else:  # 3.8
    class _ReadOnlyForm(_ExtensionsSpecialForm, _root=True):
        def __getitem__(self, parameters):
            item = typing._type_check(parameters,
                                      f'{self._name} accepts only a single type.')
            return typing._GenericAlias(self, (item,))

    ReadOnly = _ReadOnlyForm(
        'ReadOnly',
        doc="""A special typing construct to mark a key of a TypedDict as read-only.

        For example:

            class Movie(TypedDict):
                title: ReadOnly[str]
                year: int

            def mutate_movie(m: Movie) -> None:
                m["year"] = 1992  # allowed
                m["title"] = "The Matrix"  # typechecker error

        There is no runtime checking for this propery.
        """)


_UNPACK_DOC = """\
Type unpack operator.

The type unpack operator takes the child types from some container type,
such as `tuple[int, str]` or a `TypeVarTuple`, and 'pulls them out'. For
example:

  # For some generic class `Foo`:
  Foo[Unpack[tuple[int, str]]]  # Equivalent to Foo[int, str]

  Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
  # Specifies that `Bar` is generic in an arbitrary number of types.
  # (Think of `Ts` as a tuple of an arbitrary number of individual
  #  `TypeVar`s, which the `Unpack` is 'pulling out' directly into the
  #  `Generic[]`.)
  class Bar(Generic[Unpack[Ts]]): ...
  Bar[int]  # Valid
  Bar[int, str]  # Also valid

From Python 3.11, this can also be done using the `*` operator:

    Foo[*tuple[int, str]]
    class Bar(Generic[*Ts]): ...

The operator can also be used along with a `TypedDict` to annotate
`**kwargs` in a function signature. For instance:

  class Movie(TypedDict):
    name: str
    year: int

  # This function expects two keyword arguments - *name* of type `str` and
  # *year* of type `int`.
  def foo(**kwargs: Unpack[Movie]): ...

Note that there is only some runtime checking of this operator. Not
everything the runtime allows may be accepted by static type checkers.

For more information, see PEP 646 and PEP 692.
"""


if sys.version_info >= (3, 12):  # PEP 692 changed the repr of Unpack[]
    Unpack = typing.Unpack

    def _is_unpack(obj):
        return get_origin(obj) is Unpack

elif sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 9):  # 3.9+
    class _UnpackSpecialForm(_ExtensionsSpecialForm, _root=True):
        def __init__(self, getitem):
            super().__init__(getitem)
            self.__doc__ = _UNPACK_DOC

    class _UnpackAlias(typing._GenericAlias, _root=True):
        __class__ = typing.TypeVar

    @_UnpackSpecialForm
    def Unpack(self, parameters):
        item = typing._type_check(parameters, f'{self._name} accepts only a single type.')
        return _UnpackAlias(self, (item,))

    def _is_unpack(obj):
        return isinstance(obj, _UnpackAlias)

else:  # 3.8
    class _UnpackAlias(typing._GenericAlias, _root=True):
        __class__ = typing.TypeVar

    class _UnpackForm(_ExtensionsSpecialForm, _root=True):
        def __getitem__(self, parameters):
            item = typing._type_check(parameters,
                                      f'{self._name} accepts only a single type.')
            return _UnpackAlias(self, (item,))

    Unpack = _UnpackForm('Unpack', doc=_UNPACK_DOC)

    def _is_unpack(obj):
        return isinstance(obj, _UnpackAlias)


if _PEP_696_IMPLEMENTED:
    from typing import TypeVarTuple

elif hasattr(typing, "TypeVarTuple"):  # 3.11+

    # Add default parameter - PEP 696
    class TypeVarTuple(metaclass=_TypeVarLikeMeta):
        """Type variable tuple."""

        _backported_typevarlike = typing.TypeVarTuple

        def __new__(cls, name, *, default=NoDefault):
            tvt = typing.TypeVarTuple(name)
            _set_default(tvt, default)
            _set_module(tvt)
            return tvt

        def __init_subclass__(self, *args, **kwds):
            raise TypeError("Cannot subclass special typing classes")

else:  # <=3.10
    class TypeVarTuple(_DefaultMixin):
        """Type variable tuple.

        Usage::

            Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')

        In the same way that a normal type variable is a stand-in for a single
        type such as ``int``, a type variable *tuple* is a stand-in for a *tuple*
        type such as ``Tuple[int, str]``.

        Type variable tuples can be used in ``Generic`` declarations.
        Consider the following example::

            class Array(Generic[*Ts]): ...

        The ``Ts`` type variable tuple here behaves like ``tuple[T1, T2]``,
        where ``T1`` and ``T2`` are type variables. To use these type variables
        as type parameters of ``Array``, we must *unpack* the type variable tuple using
        the star operator: ``*Ts``. The signature of ``Array`` then behaves
        as if we had simply written ``class Array(Generic[T1, T2]): ...``.
        In contrast to ``Generic[T1, T2]``, however, ``Generic[*Shape]`` allows
        us to parameterise the class with an *arbitrary* number of type parameters.

        Type variable tuples can be used anywhere a normal ``TypeVar`` can.
        This includes class definitions, as shown above, as well as function
        signatures and variable annotations::

            class Array(Generic[*Ts]):

                def __init__(self, shape: Tuple[*Ts]):
                    self._shape: Tuple[*Ts] = shape

                def get_shape(self) -> Tuple[*Ts]:
                    return self._shape

            shape = (Height(480), Width(640))
            x: Array[Height, Width] = Array(shape)
            y = abs(x)  # Inferred type is Array[Height, Width]
            z = x + x   #        ...    is Array[Height, Width]
            x.get_shape()  #     ...    is tuple[Height, Width]

        """

        # Trick Generic __parameters__.
        __class__ = typing.TypeVar

        def __iter__(self):
            yield self.__unpacked__

        def __init__(self, name, *, default=NoDefault):
            self.__name__ = name
            _DefaultMixin.__init__(self, default)

            # for pickling:
            def_mod = _caller()
            if def_mod != 'typing_extensions':
                self.__module__ = def_mod

            self.__unpacked__ = Unpack[self]

        def __repr__(self):
            return self.__name__

        def __hash__(self):
            return object.__hash__(self)

        def __eq__(self, other):
            return self is other

        def __reduce__(self):
            return self.__name__

        def __init_subclass__(self, *args, **kwds):
            if '_root' not in kwds:
                raise TypeError("Cannot subclass special typing classes")


if hasattr(typing, "reveal_type"):  # 3.11+
    reveal_type = typing.reveal_type
else:  # <=3.10
    def reveal_type(obj: T, /) -> T:
        """Reveal the inferred type of a variable.

        When a static type checker encounters a call to ``reveal_type()``,
        it will emit the inferred type of the argument::

            x: int = 1
            reveal_type(x)

        Running a static type checker (e.g., ``mypy``) on this example
        will produce output similar to 'Revealed type is "builtins.int"'.

        At runtime, the function prints the runtime type of the
        argument and returns it unchanged.

        """
        print(f"Runtime type is {type(obj).__name__!r}", file=sys.stderr)
        return obj


if hasattr(typing, "_ASSERT_NEVER_REPR_MAX_LENGTH"):  # 3.11+
    _ASSERT_NEVER_REPR_MAX_LENGTH = typing._ASSERT_NEVER_REPR_MAX_LENGTH
else:  # <=3.10
    _ASSERT_NEVER_REPR_MAX_LENGTH = 100


if hasattr(typing, "assert_never"):  # 3.11+
    assert_never = typing.assert_never
else:  # <=3.10
    def assert_never(arg: Never, /) -> Never:
        """Assert to the type checker that a line of code is unreachable.

        Example::

            def int_or_str(arg: int | str) -> None:
                match arg:
                    case int():
                        print("It's an int")
                    case str():
                        print("It's a str")
                    case _:
                        assert_never(arg)

        If a type checker finds that a call to assert_never() is
        reachable, it will emit an error.

        At runtime, this throws an exception when called.

        """
        value = repr(arg)
        if len(value) > _ASSERT_NEVER_REPR_MAX_LENGTH:
            value = value[:_ASSERT_NEVER_REPR_MAX_LENGTH] + '...'
        raise AssertionError(f"Expected code to be unreachable, but got: {value}")


if sys.version_info >= (3, 12):  # 3.12+
    # dataclass_transform exists in 3.11 but lacks the frozen_default parameter
    dataclass_transform = typing.dataclass_transform
else:  # <=3.11
    def dataclass_transform(
        *,
        eq_default: bool = True,
        order_default: bool = False,
        kw_only_default: bool = False,
        frozen_default: bool = False,
        field_specifiers: typing.Tuple[
            typing.Union[typing.Type[typing.Any], typing.Callable[..., typing.Any]],
            ...
        ] = (),
        **kwargs: typing.Any,
    ) -> typing.Callable[[T], T]:
        """Decorator that marks a function, class, or metaclass as providing
        dataclass-like behavior.

        Example:

            from typing_extensions import dataclass_transform

            _T = TypeVar("_T")

            # Used on a decorator function
            @dataclass_transform()
            def create_model(cls: type[_T]) -> type[_T]:
                ...
                return cls

            @create_model
            class CustomerModel:
                id: int
                name: str

            # Used on a base class
            @dataclass_transform()
            class ModelBase: ...

            class CustomerModel(ModelBase):
                id: int
                name: str

            # Used on a metaclass
            @dataclass_transform()
            class ModelMeta(type): ...

            class ModelBase(metaclass=ModelMeta): ...

            class CustomerModel(ModelBase):
                id: int
                name: str

        Each of the ``CustomerModel`` classes defined in this example will now
        behave similarly to a dataclass created with the ``@dataclasses.dataclass``
        decorator. For example, the type checker will synthesize an ``__init__``
        method.

        The arguments to this decorator can be used to customize this behavior:
        - ``eq_default`` indicates whether the ``eq`` parameter is assumed to be
          True or False if it is omitted by the caller.
        - ``order_default`` indicates whether the ``order`` parameter is
          assumed to be True or False if it is omitted by the caller.
        - ``kw_only_default`` indicates whether the ``kw_only`` parameter is
          assumed to be True or False if it is omitted by the caller.
        - ``frozen_default`` indicates whether the ``frozen`` parameter is
          assumed to be True or False if it is omitted by the caller.
        - ``field_specifiers`` specifies a static list of supported classes
          or functions that describe fields, similar to ``dataclasses.field()``.

        At runtime, this decorator records its arguments in the
        ``__dataclass_transform__`` attribute on the decorated object.

        See PEP 681 for details.

        """
        def decorator(cls_or_fn):
            cls_or_fn.__dataclass_transform__ = {
                "eq_default": eq_default,
                "order_default": order_default,
                "kw_only_default": kw_only_default,
                "frozen_default": frozen_default,
                "field_specifiers": field_specifiers,
                "kwargs": kwargs,
            }
            return cls_or_fn
        return decorator


if hasattr(typing, "override"):  # 3.12+
    override = typing.override
else:  # <=3.11
    _F = typing.TypeVar("_F", bound=typing.Callable[..., typing.Any])

    def override(arg: _F, /) -> _F:
        """Indicate that a method is intended to override a method in a base class.

        Usage:

            class Base:
                def method(self) -> None:
                    pass

            class Child(Base):
                @override
                def method(self) -> None:
                    super().method()

        When this decorator is applied to a method, the type checker will
        validate that it overrides a method with the same name on a base class.
        This helps prevent bugs that may occur when a base class is changed
        without an equivalent change to a child class.

        There is no runtime checking of these properties. The decorator
        sets the ``__override__`` attribute to ``True`` on the decorated object
        to allow runtime introspection.

        See PEP 698 for details.

        """
        try:
            arg.__override__ = True
        except (AttributeError, TypeError):
            # Skip the attribute silently if it is not writable.
            # AttributeError happens if the object has __slots__ or a
            # read-only property, TypeError if it's a builtin class.
            pass
        return arg


if hasattr(warnings, "deprecated"):
    deprecated = warnings.deprecated
else:
    _T = typing.TypeVar("_T")

    class deprecated:
        """Indicate that a class, function or overload is deprecated.

        When this decorator is applied to an object, the type checker
        will generate a diagnostic on usage of the deprecated object.

        Usage:

            @deprecated("Use B instead")
            class A:
                pass

            @deprecated("Use g instead")
            def f():
                pass

            @overload
            @deprecated("int support is deprecated")
            def g(x: int) -> int: ...
            @overload
            def g(x: str) -> int: ...

        The warning specified by *category* will be emitted at runtime
        on use of deprecated objects. For functions, that happens on calls;
        for classes, on instantiation and on creation of subclasses.
        If the *category* is ``None``, no warning is emitted at runtime.
        The *stacklevel* determines where the
        warning is emitted. If it is ``1`` (the default), the warning
        is emitted at the direct caller of the deprecated object; if it
        is higher, it is emitted further up the stack.
        Static type checker behavior is not affected by the *category*
        and *stacklevel* arguments.

        The deprecation message passed to the decorator is saved in the
        ``__deprecated__`` attribute on the decorated object.
        If applied to an overload, the decorator
        must be after the ``@overload`` decorator for the attribute to
        exist on the overload as returned by ``get_overloads()``.

        See PEP 702 for details.

        """
        def __init__(
            self,
            message: str,
            /,
            *,
            category: typing.Optional[typing.Type[Warning]] = DeprecationWarning,
            stacklevel: int = 1,
        ) -> None:
            if not isinstance(message, str):
                raise TypeError(
                    "Expected an object of type str for 'message', not "
                    f"{type(message).__name__!r}"
                )
            self.message = message
            self.category = category
            self.stacklevel = stacklevel

        def __call__(self, arg: _T, /) -> _T:
            # Make sure the inner functions created below don't
            # retain a reference to self.
            msg = self.message
            category = self.category
            stacklevel = self.stacklevel
            if category is None:
                arg.__deprecated__ = msg
                return arg
            elif isinstance(arg, type):
                import functools
                from types import MethodType

                original_new = arg.__new__

                @functools.wraps(original_new)
                def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
                    if cls is arg:
                        warnings.warn(msg, category=category, stacklevel=stacklevel + 1)
                    if original_new is not object.__new__:
                        return original_new(cls, *args, **kwargs)
                    # Mirrors a similar check in object.__new__.
                    elif cls.__init__ is object.__init__ and (args or kwargs):
                        raise TypeError(f"{cls.__name__}() takes no arguments")
                    else:
                        return original_new(cls)

                arg.__new__ = staticmethod(__new__)

                original_init_subclass = arg.__init_subclass__
                # We need slightly different behavior if __init_subclass__
                # is a bound method (likely if it was implemented in Python)
                if isinstance(original_init_subclass, MethodType):
                    original_init_subclass = original_init_subclass.__func__

                    @functools.wraps(original_init_subclass)
                    def __init_subclass__(*args, **kwargs):
                        warnings.warn(msg, category=category, stacklevel=stacklevel + 1)
                        return original_init_subclass(*args, **kwargs)

                    arg.__init_subclass__ = classmethod(__init_subclass__)
                # Or otherwise, which likely means it's a builtin such as
                # object's implementation of __init_subclass__.
                else:
                    @functools.wraps(original_init_subclass)
                    def __init_subclass__(*args, **kwargs):
                        warnings.warn(msg, category=category, stacklevel=stacklevel + 1)
                        return original_init_subclass(*args, **kwargs)

                    arg.__init_subclass__ = __init_subclass__

                arg.__deprecated__ = __new__.__deprecated__ = msg
                __init_subclass__.__deprecated__ = msg
                return arg
            elif callable(arg):
                import functools

                @functools.wraps(arg)
                def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
                    warnings.warn(msg, category=category, stacklevel=stacklevel + 1)
                    return arg(*args, **kwargs)

                arg.__deprecated__ = wrapper.__deprecated__ = msg
                return wrapper
            else:
                raise TypeError(
                    "@deprecated decorator with non-None category must be applied to "
                    f"a class or callable, not {arg!r}"
                )


# We have to do some monkey patching to deal with the dual nature of
# Unpack/TypeVarTuple:
# - We want Unpack to be a kind of TypeVar so it gets accepted in
#   Generic[Unpack[Ts]]
# - We want it to *not* be treated as a TypeVar for the purposes of
#   counting generic parameters, so that when we subscript a generic,
#   the runtime doesn't try to substitute the Unpack with the subscripted type.
if not hasattr(typing, "TypeVarTuple"):
    def _check_generic(cls, parameters, elen=_marker):
        """Check correct count for parameters of a generic cls (internal helper).

        This gives a nice error message in case of count mismatch.
        """
        if not elen:
            raise TypeError(f"{cls} is not a generic class")
        if elen is _marker:
            if not hasattr(cls, "__parameters__") or not cls.__parameters__:
                raise TypeError(f"{cls} is not a generic class")
            elen = len(cls.__parameters__)
        alen = len(parameters)
        if alen != elen:
            expect_val = elen
            if hasattr(cls, "__parameters__"):
                parameters = [p for p in cls.__parameters__ if not _is_unpack(p)]
                num_tv_tuples = sum(isinstance(p, TypeVarTuple) for p in parameters)
                if (num_tv_tuples > 0) and (alen >= elen - num_tv_tuples):
                    return

                # deal with TypeVarLike defaults
                # required TypeVarLikes cannot appear after a defaulted one.
                if alen < elen:
                    # since we validate TypeVarLike default in _collect_type_vars
                    # or _collect_parameters we can safely check parameters[alen]
                    if (
                        getattr(parameters[alen], '__default__', NoDefault)
                        is not NoDefault
                    ):
                        return

                    num_default_tv = sum(getattr(p, '__default__', NoDefault)
                                         is not NoDefault for p in parameters)

                    elen -= num_default_tv

                    expect_val = f"at least {elen}"

            things = "arguments" if sys.version_info >= (3, 10) else "parameters"
            raise TypeError(f"Too {'many' if alen > elen else 'few'} {things}"
                            f" for {cls}; actual {alen}, expected {expect_val}")
else:
    # Python 3.11+

    def _check_generic(cls, parameters, elen):
        """Check correct count for parameters of a generic cls (internal helper).

        This gives a nice error message in case of count mismatch.
        """
        if not elen:
            raise TypeError(f"{cls} is not a generic class")
        alen = len(parameters)
        if alen != elen:
            expect_val = elen
            if hasattr(cls, "__parameters__"):
                parameters = [p for p in cls.__parameters__ if not _is_unpack(p)]

                # deal with TypeVarLike defaults
                # required TypeVarLikes cannot appear after a defaulted one.
                if alen < elen:
                    # since we validate TypeVarLike default in _collect_type_vars
                    # or _collect_parameters we can safely check parameters[alen]
                    if (
                        getattr(parameters[alen], '__default__', NoDefault)
                        is not NoDefault
                    ):
                        return

                    num_default_tv = sum(getattr(p, '__default__', NoDefault)
                                         is not NoDefault for p in parameters)

                    elen -= num_default_tv

                    expect_val = f"at least {elen}"

            raise TypeError(f"Too {'many' if alen > elen else 'few'} arguments"
                            f" for {cls}; actual {alen}, expected {expect_val}")

if not _PEP_696_IMPLEMENTED:
    typing._check_generic = _check_generic

# Python 3.11+ _collect_type_vars was renamed to _collect_parameters
if hasattr(typing, '_collect_type_vars'):
    def _collect_type_vars(types, typevar_types=None):
        """Collect all type variable contained in types in order of
        first appearance (lexicographic order). For example::

            _collect_type_vars((T, List[S, T])) == (T, S)
        """
        if typevar_types is None:
            typevar_types = typing.TypeVar
        tvars = []
        # required TypeVarLike cannot appear after TypeVarLike with default
        default_encountered = False
        for t in types:
            if (
                isinstance(t, typevar_types) and
                t not in tvars and
                not _is_unpack(t)
            ):
                if getattr(t, '__default__', NoDefault) is not NoDefault:
                    default_encountered = True
                elif default_encountered:
                    raise TypeError(f'Type parameter {t!r} without a default'
                                    ' follows type parameter with a default')

                tvars.append(t)
            if _should_collect_from_parameters(t):
                tvars.extend([t for t in t.__parameters__ if t not in tvars])
        return tuple(tvars)

    typing._collect_type_vars = _collect_type_vars
else:
    def _collect_parameters(args):
        """Collect all type variables and parameter specifications in args
        in order of first appearance (lexicographic order).

        For example::

            assert _collect_parameters((T, Callable[P, T])) == (T, P)
        """
        parameters = []
        # required TypeVarLike cannot appear after TypeVarLike with default
        default_encountered = False
        for t in args:
            if isinstance(t, type):
                # We don't want __parameters__ descriptor of a bare Python class.
                pass
            elif isinstance(t, tuple):
                # `t` might be a tuple, when `ParamSpec` is substituted with
                # `[T, int]`, or `[int, *Ts]`, etc.
                for x in t:
                    for collected in _collect_parameters([x]):
                        if collected not in parameters:
                            parameters.append(collected)
            elif hasattr(t, '__typing_subst__'):
                if t not in parameters:
                    if getattr(t, '__default__', NoDefault) is not NoDefault:
                        default_encountered = True
                    elif default_encountered:
                        raise TypeError(f'Type parameter {t!r} without a default'
                                        ' follows type parameter with a default')

                    parameters.append(t)
            else:
                for x in getattr(t, '__parameters__', ()):
                    if x not in parameters:
                        parameters.append(x)

        return tuple(parameters)

    if not _PEP_696_IMPLEMENTED:
        typing._collect_parameters = _collect_parameters

# Backport typing.NamedTuple as it exists in Python 3.13.
# In 3.11, the ability to define generic `NamedTuple`s was supported.
# This was explicitly disallowed in 3.9-3.10, and only half-worked in <=3.8.
# On 3.12, we added __orig_bases__ to call-based NamedTuples
# On 3.13, we deprecated kwargs-based NamedTuples
if sys.version_info >= (3, 13):
    NamedTuple = typing.NamedTuple
else:
    def _make_nmtuple(name, types, module, defaults=()):
        fields = [n for n, t in types]
        annotations = {n: typing._type_check(t, f"field {n} annotation must be a type")
                       for n, t in types}
        nm_tpl = collections.namedtuple(name, fields,
                                        defaults=defaults, module=module)
        nm_tpl.__annotations__ = nm_tpl.__new__.__annotations__ = annotations
        # The `_field_types` attribute was removed in 3.9;
        # in earlier versions, it is the same as the `__annotations__` attribute
        if sys.version_info < (3, 9):
            nm_tpl._field_types = annotations
        return nm_tpl

    _prohibited_namedtuple_fields = typing._prohibited
    _special_namedtuple_fields = frozenset({'__module__', '__name__', '__annotations__'})

    class _NamedTupleMeta(type):
        def __new__(cls, typename, bases, ns):
            assert _NamedTuple in bases
            for base in bases:
                if base is not _NamedTuple and base is not typing.Generic:
                    raise TypeError(
                        'can only inherit from a NamedTuple type and Generic')
            bases = tuple(tuple if base is _NamedTuple else base for base in bases)
            types = ns.get('__annotations__', {})
            default_names = []
            for field_name in types:
                if field_name in ns:
                    default_names.append(field_name)
                elif default_names:
                    raise TypeError(f"Non-default namedtuple field {field_name} "
                                    f"cannot follow default field"
                                    f"{'s' if len(default_names) > 1 else ''} "
                                    f"{', '.join(default_names)}")
            nm_tpl = _make_nmtuple(
                typename, types.items(),
                defaults=[ns[n] for n in default_names],
                module=ns['__module__']
            )
            nm_tpl.__bases__ = bases
            if typing.Generic in bases:
                if hasattr(typing, '_generic_class_getitem'):  # 3.12+
                    nm_tpl.__class_getitem__ = classmethod(typing._generic_class_getitem)
                else:
                    class_getitem = typing.Generic.__class_getitem__.__func__
                    nm_tpl.__class_getitem__ = classmethod(class_getitem)
            # update from user namespace without overriding special namedtuple attributes
            for key, val in ns.items():
                if key in _prohibited_namedtuple_fields:
                    raise AttributeError("Cannot overwrite NamedTuple attribute " + key)
                elif key not in _special_namedtuple_fields:
                    if key not in nm_tpl._fields:
                        setattr(nm_tpl, key, ns[key])
                    try:
                        set_name = type(val).__set_name__
                    except AttributeError:
                        pass
                    else:
                        try:
                            set_name(val, nm_tpl, key)
                        except BaseException as e:
                            msg = (
                                f"Error calling __set_name__ on {type(val).__name__!r} "
                                f"instance {key!r} in {typename!r}"
                            )
                            # BaseException.add_note() existed on py311,
                            # but the __set_name__ machinery didn't start
                            # using add_note() until py312.
                            # Making sure exceptions are raised in the same way
                            # as in "normal" classes seems most important here.
                            if sys.version_info >= (3, 12):
                                e.add_note(msg)
                                raise
                            else:
                                raise RuntimeError(msg) from e

            if typing.Generic in bases:
                nm_tpl.__init_subclass__()
            return nm_tpl

    _NamedTuple = type.__new__(_NamedTupleMeta, 'NamedTuple', (), {})

    def _namedtuple_mro_entries(bases):
        assert NamedTuple in bases
        return (_NamedTuple,)

    @_ensure_subclassable(_namedtuple_mro_entries)
    def NamedTuple(typename, fields=_marker, /, **kwargs):
        """Typed version of namedtuple.

        Usage::

            class Employee(NamedTuple):
                name: str
                id: int

        This is equivalent to::

            Employee = collections.namedtuple('Employee', ['name', 'id'])

        The resulting class has an extra __annotations__ attribute, giving a
        dict that maps field names to types.  (The field names are also in
        the _fields attribute, which is part of the namedtuple API.)
        An alternative equivalent functional syntax is also accepted::

            Employee = NamedTuple('Employee', [('name', str), ('id', int)])
        """
        if fields is _marker:
            if kwargs:
                deprecated_thing = "Creating NamedTuple classes using keyword arguments"
                deprecation_msg = (
                    "{name} is deprecated and will be disallowed in Python {remove}. "
                    "Use the class-based or functional syntax instead."
                )
            else:
                deprecated_thing = "Failing to pass a value for the 'fields' parameter"
                example = f"`{typename} = NamedTuple({typename!r}, [])`"
                deprecation_msg = (
                    "{name} is deprecated and will be disallowed in Python {remove}. "
                    "To create a NamedTuple class with 0 fields "
                    "using the functional syntax, "
                    "pass an empty list, e.g. "
                ) + example + "."
        elif fields is None:
            if kwargs:
                raise TypeError(
                    "Cannot pass `None` as the 'fields' parameter "
                    "and also specify fields using keyword arguments"
                )
            else:
                deprecated_thing = "Passing `None` as the 'fields' parameter"
                example = f"`{typename} = NamedTuple({typename!r}, [])`"
                deprecation_msg = (
                    "{name} is deprecated and will be disallowed in Python {remove}. "
                    "To create a NamedTuple class with 0 fields "
                    "using the functional syntax, "
                    "pass an empty list, e.g. "
                ) + example + "."
        elif kwargs:
            raise TypeError("Either list of fields or keywords"
                            " can be provided to NamedTuple, not both")
        if fields is _marker or fields is None:
            warnings.warn(
                deprecation_msg.format(name=deprecated_thing, remove="3.15"),
                DeprecationWarning,
                stacklevel=2,
            )
            fields = kwargs.items()
        nt = _make_nmtuple(typename, fields, module=_caller())
        nt.__orig_bases__ = (NamedTuple,)
        return nt


if hasattr(collections.abc, "Buffer"):
    Buffer = collections.abc.Buffer
else:
    class Buffer(abc.ABC):
        """Base class for classes that implement the buffer protocol.

        The buffer protocol allows Python objects to expose a low-level
        memory buffer interface. Before Python 3.12, it is not possible
        to implement the buffer protocol in pure Python code, or even
        to check whether a class implements the buffer protocol. In
        Python 3.12 and higher, the ``__buffer__`` method allows access
        to the buffer protocol from Python code, and the
        ``collections.abc.Buffer`` ABC allows checking whether a class
        implements the buffer protocol.

        To indicate support for the buffer protocol in earlier versions,
        inherit from this ABC, either in a stub file or at runtime,
        or use ABC registration. This ABC provides no methods, because
        there is no Python-accessible methods shared by pre-3.12 buffer
        classes. It is useful primarily for static checks.

        """

    # As a courtesy, register the most common stdlib buffer classes.
    Buffer.register(memoryview)
    Buffer.register(bytearray)
    Buffer.register(bytes)


# Backport of types.get_original_bases, available on 3.12+ in CPython
if hasattr(_types, "get_original_bases"):
    get_original_bases = _types.get_original_bases
else:
    def get_original_bases(cls, /):
        """Return the class's "original" bases prior to modification by `__mro_entries__`.

        Examples::

            from typing import TypeVar, Generic
            from typing_extensions import NamedTuple, TypedDict

            T = TypeVar("T")
            class Foo(Generic[T]): ...
            class Bar(Foo[int], float): ...
            class Baz(list[str]): ...
            Eggs = NamedTuple("Eggs", [("a", int), ("b", str)])
            Spam = TypedDict("Spam", {"a": int, "b": str})

            assert get_original_bases(Bar) == (Foo[int], float)
            assert get_original_bases(Baz) == (list[str],)
            assert get_original_bases(Eggs) == (NamedTuple,)
            assert get_original_bases(Spam) == (TypedDict,)
            assert get_original_bases(int) == (object,)
        """
        try:
            return cls.__dict__.get("__orig_bases__", cls.__bases__)
        except AttributeError:
            raise TypeError(
                f'Expected an instance of type, not {type(cls).__name__!r}'
            ) from None


# NewType is a class on Python 3.10+, making it pickleable
# The error message for subclassing instances of NewType was improved on 3.11+
if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
    NewType = typing.NewType
else:
    class NewType:
        """NewType creates simple unique types with almost zero
        runtime overhead. NewType(name, tp) is considered a subtype of tp
        by static type checkers. At runtime, NewType(name, tp) returns
        a dummy callable that simply returns its argument. Usage::
            UserId = NewType('UserId', int)
            def name_by_id(user_id: UserId) -> str:
                ...
            UserId('user')          # Fails type check
            name_by_id(42)          # Fails type check
            name_by_id(UserId(42))  # OK
            num = UserId(5) + 1     # type: int
        """

        def __call__(self, obj, /):
            return obj

        def __init__(self, name, tp):
            self.__qualname__ = name
            if '.' in name:
                name = name.rpartition('.')[-1]
            self.__name__ = name
            self.__supertype__ = tp
            def_mod = _caller()
            if def_mod != 'typing_extensions':
                self.__module__ = def_mod

        def __mro_entries__(self, bases):
            # We defined __mro_entries__ to get a better error message
            # if a user attempts to subclass a NewType instance. bpo-46170
            supercls_name = self.__name__

            class Dummy:
                def __init_subclass__(cls):
                    subcls_name = cls.__name__
                    raise TypeError(
                        f"Cannot subclass an instance of NewType. "
                        f"Perhaps you were looking for: "
                        f"`{subcls_name} = NewType({subcls_name!r}, {supercls_name})`"
                    )

            return (Dummy,)

        def __repr__(self):
            return f'{self.__module__}.{self.__qualname__}'

        def __reduce__(self):
            return self.__qualname__

        if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
            # PEP 604 methods
            # It doesn't make sense to have these methods on Python <3.10

            def __or__(self, other):
                return typing.Union[self, other]

            def __ror__(self, other):
                return typing.Union[other, self]


if hasattr(typing, "TypeAliasType"):
    TypeAliasType = typing.TypeAliasType
else:
    def _is_unionable(obj):
        """Corresponds to is_unionable() in unionobject.c in CPython."""
        return obj is None or isinstance(obj, (
            type,
            _types.GenericAlias,
            _types.UnionType,
            TypeAliasType,
        ))

    class TypeAliasType:
        """Create named, parameterized type aliases.

        This provides a backport of the new `type` statement in Python 3.12:

            type ListOrSet[T] = list[T] | set[T]

        is equivalent to:

            T = TypeVar("T")
            ListOrSet = TypeAliasType("ListOrSet", list[T] | set[T], type_params=(T,))

        The name ListOrSet can then be used as an alias for the type it refers to.

        The type_params argument should contain all the type parameters used
        in the value of the type alias. If the alias is not generic, this
        argument is omitted.

        Static type checkers should only support type aliases declared using
        TypeAliasType that follow these rules:

        - The first argument (the name) must be a string literal.
        - The TypeAliasType instance must be immediately assigned to a variable
          of the same name. (For example, 'X = TypeAliasType("Y", int)' is invalid,
          as is 'X, Y = TypeAliasType("X", int), TypeAliasType("Y", int)').

        """

        def __init__(self, name: str, value, *, type_params=()):
            if not isinstance(name, str):
                raise TypeError("TypeAliasType name must be a string")
            self.__value__ = value
            self.__type_params__ = type_params

            parameters = []
            for type_param in type_params:
                if isinstance(type_param, TypeVarTuple):
                    parameters.extend(type_param)
                else:
                    parameters.append(type_param)
            self.__parameters__ = tuple(parameters)
            def_mod = _caller()
            if def_mod != 'typing_extensions':
                self.__module__ = def_mod
            # Setting this attribute closes the TypeAliasType from further modification
            self.__name__ = name

        def __setattr__(self, name: str, value: object, /) -> None:
            if hasattr(self, "__name__"):
                self._raise_attribute_error(name)
            super().__setattr__(name, value)

        def __delattr__(self, name: str, /) -> Never:
            self._raise_attribute_error(name)

        def _raise_attribute_error(self, name: str) -> Never:
            # Match the Python 3.12 error messages exactly
            if name == "__name__":
                raise AttributeError("readonly attribute")
            elif name in {"__value__", "__type_params__", "__parameters__", "__module__"}:
                raise AttributeError(
                    f"attribute '{name}' of 'typing.TypeAliasType' objects "
                    "is not writable"
                )
            else:
                raise AttributeError(
                    f"'typing.TypeAliasType' object has no attribute '{name}'"
                )

        def __repr__(self) -> str:
            return self.__name__

        def __getitem__(self, parameters):
            if not isinstance(parameters, tuple):
                parameters = (parameters,)
            parameters = [
                typing._type_check(
                    item, f'Subscripting {self.__name__} requires a type.'
                )
                for item in parameters
            ]
            return typing._GenericAlias(self, tuple(parameters))

        def __reduce__(self):
            return self.__name__

        def __init_subclass__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
            raise TypeError(
                "type 'typing_extensions.TypeAliasType' is not an acceptable base type"
            )

        # The presence of this method convinces typing._type_check
        # that TypeAliasTypes are types.
        def __call__(self):
            raise TypeError("Type alias is not callable")

        if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
            def __or__(self, right):
                # For forward compatibility with 3.12, reject Unions
                # that are not accepted by the built-in Union.
                if not _is_unionable(right):
                    return NotImplemented
                return typing.Union[self, right]

            def __ror__(self, left):
                if not _is_unionable(left):
                    return NotImplemented
                return typing.Union[left, self]


if hasattr(typing, "is_protocol"):
    is_protocol = typing.is_protocol
    get_protocol_members = typing.get_protocol_members
else:
    def is_protocol(tp: type, /) -> bool:
        """Return True if the given type is a Protocol.

        Example::

            >>> from typing_extensions import Protocol, is_protocol
            >>> class P(Protocol):
            ...     def a(self) -> str: ...
            ...     b: int
            >>> is_protocol(P)
            True
            >>> is_protocol(int)
            False
        """
        return (
            isinstance(tp, type)
            and getattr(tp, '_is_protocol', False)
            and tp is not Protocol
            and tp is not typing.Protocol
        )

    def get_protocol_members(tp: type, /) -> typing.FrozenSet[str]:
        """Return the set of members defined in a Protocol.

        Example::

            >>> from typing_extensions import Protocol, get_protocol_members
            >>> class P(Protocol):
            ...     def a(self) -> str: ...
            ...     b: int
            >>> get_protocol_members(P)
            frozenset({'a', 'b'})

        Raise a TypeError for arguments that are not Protocols.
        """
        if not is_protocol(tp):
            raise TypeError(f'{tp!r} is not a Protocol')
        if hasattr(tp, '__protocol_attrs__'):
            return frozenset(tp.__protocol_attrs__)
        return frozenset(_get_protocol_attrs(tp))


if hasattr(typing, "Doc"):
    Doc = typing.Doc
else:
    class Doc:
        """Define the documentation of a type annotation using ``Annotated``, to be
         used in class attributes, function and method parameters, return values,
         and variables.

        The value should be a positional-only string literal to allow static tools
        like editors and documentation generators to use it.

        This complements docstrings.

        The string value passed is available in the attribute ``documentation``.

        Example::

            >>> from typing_extensions import Annotated, Doc
            >>> def hi(to: Annotated[str, Doc("Who to say hi to")]) -> None: ...
        """
        def __init__(self, documentation: str, /) -> None:
            self.documentation = documentation

        def __repr__(self) -> str:
            return f"Doc({self.documentation!r})"

        def __hash__(self) -> int:
            return hash(self.documentation)

        def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
            if not isinstance(other, Doc):
                return NotImplemented
            return self.documentation == other.documentation


_CapsuleType = getattr(_types, "CapsuleType", None)

if _CapsuleType is None:
    try:
        import _socket
    except ImportError:
        pass
    else:
        _CAPI = getattr(_socket, "CAPI", None)
        if _CAPI is not None:
            _CapsuleType = type(_CAPI)

if _CapsuleType is not None:
    CapsuleType = _CapsuleType
    __all__.append("CapsuleType")


# Aliases for items that have always been in typing.
# Explicitly assign these (rather than using `from typing import *` at the top),
# so that we get a CI error if one of these is deleted from typing.py
# in a future version of Python
AbstractSet = typing.AbstractSet
AnyStr = typing.AnyStr
BinaryIO = typing.BinaryIO
Callable = typing.Callable
Collection = typing.Collection
Container = typing.Container
Dict = typing.Dict
ForwardRef = typing.ForwardRef
FrozenSet = typing.FrozenSet
Generic = typing.Generic
Hashable = typing.Hashable
IO = typing.IO
ItemsView = typing.ItemsView
Iterable = typing.Iterable
Iterator = typing.Iterator
KeysView = typing.KeysView
List = typing.List
Mapping = typing.Mapping
MappingView = typing.MappingView
Match = typing.Match
MutableMapping = typing.MutableMapping
MutableSequence = typing.MutableSequence
MutableSet = typing.MutableSet
Optional = typing.Optional
Pattern = typing.Pattern
Reversible = typing.Reversible
Sequence = typing.Sequence
Set = typing.Set
Sized = typing.Sized
TextIO = typing.TextIO
Tuple = typing.Tuple
Union = typing.Union
ValuesView = typing.ValuesView
cast = typing.cast
no_type_check = typing.no_type_check
no_type_check_decorator = typing.no_type_check_decorator